THE FIRST PORTUGUESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY RESORTING TO A FOREIGN 'MODERN' LANGUAGE - CHINESE

A number of volumes generically entitled Dicionário dos dicionários portugueses (A Dictionary of Portuguese Dictionaries) [hereafter: DDP] have already been published within the ambit of current research I am undertaking on the history of Portuguese lexicography. 1

The first of these volumes (1994) lists all word entries (lexemes) with the initials ABA-ABC contained in more than sixty dictionaries and other lexicographic publications edited during the period 1554-1858. It is probably the most comprehensive listing of Portuguese dictionaries of its kind. Each word entry is followed by a transcription of its original descriptive text, in full, as given by the author. Already, the first published volume of the DDP enables the reader to compare different authors' explanations or descriptions of a same word entry and analyse how many authors successively recovered explanations and descriptions from previous dictionaries. In certain exceptional cases, lexicographers did not copy or adapt explanations and descriptions found in previous dictionaries, but simply organised their own selection of word entries and structured their own respective definitions.

Earlier on, in the preparatory phase of the DDP project, it was decided to include three types of dictionaries:

1 - monolingual;

2 - bi or trilingual, with Portuguese as the major language, and;

3 - 'old' polyglot dictionaries.

All dictionaries not organised under the Portuguese lexeme were excluded.

As the research progressed, it was gradually understood that most bibliographic data on dictionaries was insufficient to supply a fair understanding of their contents and how they had been compiled. As a result of direct consultation, I was able to exclude certain dictionaries from the DDP, which, nevertheless, were the subject of a short paper. One of the selected dictionaries included in this study was the famed Vocabulario da Lingoa de Japam com a declaração em Portugues [...] (A Vocabulary of the Japanese Language with Portuguese explanation [...]), published in 1603, the second lexicographic work to contain Japanese terms - the first being dated 1595. 2

This article is a continuation of that study. It centres on the second Portuguese bilingual dictionary, interest in which derives from it being the first in which the second language is neither Latin nor a European language, but Chinese.

The earliest known preserved Portuguese bilingual dictionary is a Portuguese-Latin dictionary compiled by Jerónimo Cardoso. The work of this humanist has been described as follows:

"Jerónimo Cardoso's (°ca 1500-† ca 1569) dictionaries - especially his Dictionarium ex Lusitanico in Latinum Sermonem (1562) - are pioneering landmarks in the history of dictionaries of the Portuguese language. In the Dictionarium ex Lusitanico, Jerónimo Cardoso developed the first alphabetisation of a vernacular lexical corpus and thus was the father, to a greater or lesser extent, of all subsequent Portuguese dictionaries. His method was effectively applied to the technical systematisation of dictionaries, through the surveying of lexical units, the referencing of semantic values and the determining of orthographic standardisation."3

The Portuguese bilingual dictionary that followed Cardoso's, the existence of which has been known for a considerable period of time, is the theme of this short essay. David Lopes, in his now classical work A Expansão da Lingua Portuguesa no Oriente (The Expansion of the Portuguese Language in the Orient [...]), makes bibliographic allusion to the work: "[a] Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary by the Fathers Ruggieri and Ricci (There is at least one manuscript copy of it, [presently stored] in Rome, written between 1548-1588 [...])."4

It is curious to note that, despite this important reference, not a single historian of Portuguese Linguistics was sufficiently inquisitive to undertake further research on this manuscript. Equally odd is how scholars who dealt with the history of dictionaries in the Portuguese language failed to notice its mention in a book about Matteo Ricci, an extremely important figure in Sino-Portuguese relations. Strangely enough, it was a Portuguese diplomat5 who drew attention to this work in the context of Pasquale d'Elia's Fonti Ricciani (Sources on [Matteo] Ricci) (Roma, Libreira dello Stato, 1949, vol.2, p.32), where the second Portuguese bilingual dictionary is described in detail:

"A dir vero un "bello vocabulario" era già fatto del Ruggieri e dal Ricci fin dai primi anni del loro soggiorno [...] probabilmente negli anni 1584-1588. Già il 18 ottobre 1598 il Longobardo diceva che il Ricci aveva fatto "buona parte del calepino europeo-sinico... "Questo cimelio della sinologia, che rappresenta il primo dizionario europeo-cinese nel modo e a cui possiamo dare il titulo di Dizionario portoghese-cinese, esiste ancora manoscritto in ARSI, Jap. Sin. I, 198, dove à stato da me ritrovato e identificato nel 1934."

("A truly "wonderful vocabulary" had already been made by [Michele] Ruggieri and [Matteo] Ricci by the end of the first years of their stay [in Macao...], probably during the years 1584-1588. On 18th October 1598, [Nicolò] Longobardo had already stated that Ricci had made "most of the Sino-European booklet [...]." This relic of Sinology, which represents the first ever Sino-European dictionary and could be called a Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary, still exists in manuscript form at [deposit at] ARSI [Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu], Jap. Sin. [Japonica-Sinica]. I, 198, where I found it and identified it in 1934.")

This "Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary" [hereafter: PCD] belongs to a miscellaneous volume extensively described by Pasquale d'Elia in 1949, after he first set eyes upon it. Below are transcripts of extracts fundamental to a better understanding of the original text:

"[...] consta di ff. 189 in carta cinese di cm. 23 x l6,5.

Prima del dizionario propriamente detto precedono vari documenti:

1) um dialogo [...],

2) Conversazione catechetiche del Ricci [...],

3) [...] note de cosmografia [...],

4) I 24 periodi solari [...],

5) I caretteri del cielo [...],

6) Una lista di caratteri [...],

7) I nomi delle province [...],

8) I nomi dei 24 periodi solari [...],

9) Caratteri sconessi [...]. Vien allora il dizionario portoghese-cinese (ff. 32-156) [...] due appendici (ff. 15 7-169 e 172-186a) [...]. Dopo del dizionario vengono altre pagine [...]."

("[...] is constituted by 189 folia of Chinese paper, each 23.0 x 16.5 centimetres [in dimension].

The dictionary in itself is preceded by a number of documents:

1) a dialogue [...].

2) [Matteo] Ricci's Catechism instructions [...],

3) [...] notes on cosmography [...],

4) The 24 solar cycles [...],

5) [A list of] characters pertaining to the sky [...],

6) A list of characters [...],

7) The names of [Chinese] provinces [...],

8) The names of the 24 solar cycles [...],

9) [A number of] unconnected characters [...].

Following these, the Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary begins (folia 32-156) [... followed by] two appendices (folia 157-169 and 172-186a) [...]. The Dictionary is followed by a number of pages [...].")

According to Pasquale d'Elia, the Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary runs from folia 32 to 156. In fact, within this block of folia, there are a number of empty pages: 49ro, vo; 54vo; 67-71; 85vo; 86ro; 114vo; 135ro; 141vo; 152vo and 156vo.

The margins of the manuscript's folia are frequently cropped, thus certain words cannot be read.

The margins of the manuscript's folia are frequently cropped, thus certain words cannot be read.This occurs mainly on the upper margin of the ƒolia, as, for example, on ƒolium 107.

Alphabetical entries are arranged as follow:

A 32ro-48vo; B 50ro-54ro; C 55ro-66vo; D 72ro-85ro; E 87ro-99ro; F 99vo-105ro; G 106vo-197vo; I, J 108ro-110vo; L 110vo-114ro; M 115ro-121vo; N 122ro-123ro; O 123vo-125vo; P 126ro-134vo, 157vo; Q 135vo-136ro; R 137ro-141ro; S 142ro-146vo; T 147ro-152ro; U, V, 153ro-156ro; X 156ro; and Z 156 ro.

The Dictionary ends at folium 156ro with the words: "Laus Deo Verginique Matri. Divis Gervasio et Protasio. Amen. Jesus."

Folia 158-169, 172, 174, 177-182 and 185 correspond to the 'supplement', where other words are listed. The alphabetical listings are exclusively in the rectos of these folia: A 158ro; B 160ro; C 161ro; D 162ro; E 163ro; F 164ro; G 165ro; I, J 166ro; L 167ro; M 168ro; N 172ro; P 174ro; Q 177ro; R 178ro; S 179ro; T 181ro; V, 182ro; and X 185ro.

The PCD page listings are ordered in three columns:

1 - Portuguese entries on the left;

2 - corresponding Chinese entries in characters [ideograms] on the right (but not always), and;

3 - the Romanised pronunciation of the respective Chinese ideograms in the centre.

Folia 32-34 have a fourth column that includes the corresponding entries in Italian. These manuscript additions are by the hand of Michelle Ruggieri. Pasquale d'Elia reproduces one of the pages with added Italian in his aforementioned publication.

The first example of the first four-column page reproduced by Pasquale d'Elia is "abreviada cousa" ["abbreviated, shortened, reduced / thing, object, matter, substance, [etc.]"]. **** This lemma gives us the thematic key to the interpretation of the PCD's contents. Within the long chronological listing of 'old' Portuguese dictionaries included in my continuing work on the DDP, three dictionaries are mentioned in which adjectives are listed together with the noun "cousa" ["thing, object, matter, substance, [etc.]"]. The PCD also follows this system. For instance:

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

    "Abastada cousa       富貴, 極富, 富足      32vo
    Abastante cousa       足                     32vo
    Aberta cousa          欺壓他，陵人.欺凌      32vo
    Abomináuel cousa"     怕聆-棄嫌              33ro

To my knowledge, the last of the Portuguese dictionaries to maintain this adjectiveplus-noun tradition is Bento Pereira's Thesouro da Lingoa Portuguesa [Treasure of the Portuguese Language], which was first published in 1647, and which was reprinted on several occasions up until the middle of the eighteenth century. Bento Pereira's adjective-plus-noun formula follows Agostinho Barbosa's Dictionarium Lusitanicolatium [...] of 1611. As the Matteo Ricci and Michele Ruggieri PCD was elaborated decades before those of Bento Pereira and Agostinho Barbosa, it was certainly not influenced by them, but there is a third, earlier, Portuguese dictionary in existence, as mentioned above, compiled by Jerónimo Cardoso and published for the first time in 1563, which might have been familiar to them. Jerónimo Cardoso's dictionary of 1563 [hereafter: JCd] consists of a bilingual word listing where all Portuguese entries are translated into Latin.

A closer comparison of the PCD and the JCd clearly indicates that Ricci and Ruggieri, or the scrivener who worked on the Portuguese column, used the latter as a prototype. On this matter, Pasquale d'Elia remarks that "[...] all Portuguese words were written by a single person [...]", but, in my own opinion, the handwriting of at least two persons can be detected in the Portuguese listings. Two different styles of handwriting are particularly evident for the lower case 'd'. On the first pages of the manuscript, the leg of the 'd' tilts to the right, but on later pages the leg of the 'd' tilts to the left. This is the case for the words "agradecer" ["to thank, to express gratitude"] and "desagradecer" ["to fail to thank, to be ungrateful"]. Furthermore, for Portuguese word entries listed on the first folia of the PCD, the lower section of the cedilla tilts to the left, but for all words listed which start with the capital'D' and thereafter, the cedilla tilts to the right.

There are a number of occasions when the JCd lists adjectives in the masculine form without the affix "cousa ". This is the case with "abalado" ["shaky, loose, moved, touched, [etc.]"]. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1563)

"Abalado "

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Abalado" 相撞 32ro

BENTO PEREIRA (1647)

"Aballada cousa "

This seems to confirm that Ricci and Ruggieri did not produce a totally new dictionary ex nihilo. This hypothesis is reinforced when one randomly compares any page from either of the two dictionaries. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1563)

"Ajudar

Ajuda

Ajudador

Ajudadora

Ajudar a carga

Ajuntar

Ajuntarse

Ajuntada cousa

Ajuda s. cristel"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ajudar lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	相助 lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>- style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>扶持	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Aiudador style="mso-spacerun: yes">        lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>[No Chinese] style="mso-spacerun: yes">     lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ayudar a cargua lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	相助的 lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'> style="mso-spacerun: yes">           lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ayuntar style="mso-spacerun: yes">	style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>[No Chinese] style="mso-spacerun: yes">     lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ayuntarse style="mso-spacerun: yes">       lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><IMG=063E285AB> style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>埋	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ayuntada cousa style="mso-spacerun: yes">  style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体'>	style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><IMG=063E285AB> style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:黑体;mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>倒	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Ajuda_cristel" style="mso-spacerun: yes">  style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-font-family: 黑体'>	style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>[No Chinese] style="mso-spacerun: yes">     lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>	lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>38ro lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-font-family:黑体'>

Ricci and Ruggieri, or the scrivener who copied the entries from Jerónimo Cardoso's dictionary of 1563, rejected some word entries which appear in the latter's dictionary. For instance, taking the above example, the words "ajuda" ["help, assistance, [etc.]"] and "ajudadora" ["help, assistance, etc.]" or lit.: 'a wife who helps'] which appear in Cardoso's dictionary of 1563 do not appear in the PCD, although the other listed word entries accord exactly with the order of those listed in the JCd, despite not always being in alphabetical sequence, i. e., "Ajuda cristel" ["help, assistance, [etc.] / cloyster, enema"] comes after "Ajuntada cousa" ["together, congregated, added, united, [etc.] / thing, object, matter, substance, [etc.]"]. Also, under capital 'C', Jerónimo Cardoso's dictionary of 1563 sequentially includes word entries starting with the syllables 'Ca', 'Co', 'Cu', and only afterwards 'Cl', 'Cr', 'Ça', 'Ce', 'Ci', 'Ço', 'Çu' and 'Ch'. The same order is maintained in the PCD.

As already mentioned, Jerónimo Cardoso's dictionary of 1563 was reprinted a number of times and, contrary to those who maintain that no changes were made from one edition to the next, it can be categorically stated that changes do exist. For instance, the second edition published in 1569 (JCd) not only has a higher number of word entries than the first edition of 1563 but suffers textual variations within the microstructure of many lexemes. For example:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1563)

"Abalroar, navem navi appellere

Abasta, satest, hactenus

Abelhinha, apicula, ae

Abondosa cousa, abundans, antis uber, eris, faecundus."

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Abalroar, navem navi appellere

Abalroarcom alguem. Congredior. oris

Abasta, sat_est. hactenus

Abastarda Demissis sta pedibus

Abelhinha. apicula, ae. dimin.

Abondosa cousa, abundans, antis uber, eris, faecundus, a um."

Although Ricci and Ruggieri do not include all the JCd word entries, it is pertinent to note that the PCD includes some words which, though they appear in the JCd, do not appear in the 1563 edition. For instance:

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Abasta 足矣。勾了，罢了 32ro

Abastarda[...] 短錠 32ro

Abastaser [...]" [No Chinese] 32ro

This clearly shows that Ricci and Ruggieri used the second edition of the JCd (the third edition being published in 1588, and thus too late for the PCD). While the PCD lists 1197 entries for words starting with capital 'A', including the "appendix", the JCd lists 2193 entries, a much higher number.

It is also significant to note that, in comparison with the word entries listed in the JCd, Ricci and Ruggieri seem to have submitted the PCD to a rigorous pruning of [Catholic] religious terminology. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Aba de vestidura

Abada

Abade

Abadessa

Abadinho

Abadia

Abafar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Aba deuestidura 裙子 32ro

Abada*** [No Chinese] 158ro

Abafar" [No Chinese] 32ro

It is also pertinent to note that, in a number of cases, the PCD lists words related to [Catholic] religious terminology (i. e., "anjo" ["angel"], "clerigos" ["priest[s], [etc.]"], and others), but does not supply a corresponding translation in Chinese ideograms.

It is worth mentioning that this lack of Chinese ideograms occurs only in the section of the PCD which corresponds to word entries starting with the letters 'A', 'B' and 'C'. From capital 'D' onwards, a Chinese ideogram directly corresponding to each Portuguese word entry is given. This confirms the opinion that there were not only two scriveners involved in writing the PCD but also that the PCD was affected by two different production concepts.

There are also a number of cases when the PCD gives a specific number of options to JCd word entries. As these extra significants do not exist in Portuguese, they have been added out of affinity for the structural terminology of the Chinese language. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Irmãa

Irmãa inteira

Irmão

Irmão inteiro"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

A great number of these additions or changes in the PCD should be analysed in 'reverse', starting from the Chinese ideogram entries. It is likely that, as Ricci and Ruggieri's knowledge of Chinese culture and language gradually increased, they may have modified the original structure of the PCD, evolving it from a mono-directional Portuguese-Chinese dictionary to a bi-directional Chinese-Portuguese dictionary.

In referring to linguistic structure, it is important to note that the spelling of Portuguese words in the PCD is sometimes different from the spelling of the same words in the JCd. Were the Portuguese word entries selected by Ricci and Ruggieri written by only one or by two native Portuguese scriveners? Were these Portuguese word entries simply dictated to a single scrivener or to two scriveners? Pasquale d'Elia writes of an "[...] amanuense qualunque [...]" ([...] nondescript copyist [...]", but at this point it is impossible to determine the method by which the Portuguese words in the PCD were inserted in writing.

The letter 'a' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The nasal dipthong 'am' and 'an' in the JCd sometimes changes to 'ão' ["a' with a til] in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Abegam

Abelhão

Acarão

Açafram"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Abegan [...] lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'>	賤價减 style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	32vo style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Abelhan          lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	蜜蜂王 style="mso-spacerun: yes">       lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	32vo      style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
A'~'car~~ao [...] style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	近 style="mso-spacerun: yes">           lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	33vo style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
A'~'cafr~~ao" lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	[No Chinese] style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	34vo

The letter 'b' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'c', when followed by the vowels 'e' and 'i' in the JCd, is sometimes substituted by a 'ç' ['c' with a cedilla], a 'j', or an 's' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Aborrecer

Aborrecida cousa

Acrecentar

Agradecer

Antecessor

Ancinhos"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Aboreser style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>		33ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Aborecida cousa	邉 style="mso-spacerun: yes">	33ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Acresentar       style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	[No Chinese]    lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	34ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Agradeçer         lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	歡喜 喜悦 lang=EN-US>       style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	37vo style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Anteçeçor         lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	[No Chinese]    lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	42vo style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Amjinhos" style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>		42ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>

The digraph 'ch' in the JCd is on occasion substituted by another letter in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Cachado"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Cayado" [No Chinese] 55vo

The spelling of 'ç' ['c' with a cedilla] in the JCd is sometimes substituted by another letter in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Abençoar

Beiço

Beiçudo

Berço"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Abemsoar style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	[Chinese illegible]	32vo style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Bexo [...] style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	幔 lang=EN-US>     lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	51ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Beixudo     style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	口唇 style="mso-spacerun: yes">	51ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>
Berjo" style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	摇篮 style="mso-spacerun: yes">	51ro style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>

The letter 'd' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'e', where a tonic in the JCd, remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'e', where it belongs to an atonic syllable in the JCd, is frequently substituted by an 'i'in the PCD.

For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Agradecimento

Alecrim

Beringela

Penhora

Pepino

Pepinal"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Agradi~'cimento lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	謝/不忘恩	37vo
Alicrim***** lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>[No Chinese]	39vo
Biremzela          lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	茄	52ro
Pinhoro	當頭案頭	129ro
Pipino	黄瓜	129ro
Pipinal" style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体'>	瓜園	129ro

The letter 'f' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'g', when followed by the vowels 'a', 'o'or 'u' in the JCd, is often followed by the vowel 'u' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Alongar

Agoa

Agabarse

Gabar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

Gabar" 奬一稱呼稱羡说事他好 105vo

The letter 'g', when followed by the vowels 'e' or 'i' in the JCd, is sometimes substituted by another letter in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Beringela "

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Biremzela" 茄 52ro

The letter 'h' in the JCd sometimes occurs in association and following other consonants, as well as before the vowel 'i' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Ir"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Avante hir" 進前去 57ro

The letter 'j' in the JCd suffers no changes in the PCD.

The letter 'j' in the JCd is sometimes substituted by an 'i' or a 'y' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Ajudar

Ajudador

Ajuntar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Ajudar 相助-扶持 38ro

Aiudador [No Chinese] 38ro

Ayuntar" [No Chinese] 38ro

The letter 'l' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'm' in the JCd is sometimes substituted by another letter in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Abegam"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Abegan [....]" 賤價减 32vo

The letter 'n' in the JCd is frequently substituted by the letter 'm' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Abondança

Ancinhos

Canfora

Cantar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

The letter 'o', where an atonic in the JCd, is sometimes substituted by the vowel 'u' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Assolutamente

Aferrolhar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Asulutamente 僱 46ro

Aferulhar" [No Chinese] 46ro

The letter 'p' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The digraph 'qu' in the JCd is sometimes substituted by the digraph 'ch' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Mezquinho

Mezquita"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Meschino 可惜 119ro

Meschita de mouros" 囬囬庙 119ro

The double 'r' in the JCd is frequently reduced to a single 'r' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Aferrar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Aferar" 拿緊 36vo

The double 's' in the JCd is frequently substituted by a single letter in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Atravessar

Assentar

Assi

Assi como

Assossegar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

The letter 't' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'u', where a pretonic in the JCd, is on occasion changed to the vowel 'o' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Acudir

Acurtar

Afumar"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Acodir 救 34ro

Acortar 做短些 34ro

Afomar" 煙 37ro

The letter 'v' in the JCd is sometimes substituted by the letters 'b' or 'u' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Avaliar"

"Chuva"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Abaliar [No Chinese] 47vo

Chuiua" 雨 66ro

The letter 'x' in the JCd remains the same in the PCD.

The letter 'y', where it precedes a consonant in the JCd, is substituted by the vowel 'i' in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Ayroso"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Airosso" [No Chinese] 38ro

The letter 'z' in the JCd is sometimes substituted by another letter in the PCD. For instance:

JERÓNIMO CARDOSO (1569)

"Almazem Beleza"

MATTEO RICCI / MICHELE RUGGIERI

"Almaxem darmas 軍器庫 40ro

Almagem daleite 油舖 40ro

Belesa" [No Chinese] 51ro

The divergence in spelling between the PCD and the Jerónimo Cardoso prototype dictionary of 1563 is of no great importance when compared to the examples compiled by António Geraldo da Cunha in his Índice do Vocabulário do Português Medieval (Index to the Vocabulary of Medieval Portuguese) (Rio de Janeiro, Ministério da Cultura - Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa, 1986-1994, 3 vols. [to follow]).

The spelling of most word entries in the PCD can also be found in texts from the fifteenth century (or before). Whoever actually wrote the Portuguese entries selected by Ricci and Ruggieri employed an 'old fashioned' style of writing. It is exactly because the scrivener of the PCD did not spell the word entries according to the JCd that it can be reasonably surmised that the words were dictated rather than transcribed. For instance, the variants 's' and 'ç' which occur for the voiceless 's' (intervocalic 'ss') in the PCD cannot derive from a deviation in pronunciation. Also, the expression "afervorar-se s. darse pressa" ["to be zealous, to fly into a passion / w. [without] / hurry, being in haste, hurry, urgency, [etc.]"] in the JCd corresponds in spelling to "Afervorrase darse preço" ["to be zealous, to fly into a passion / to give, offer, bestow, present, [etc.] / a price, worth, value, estimation, [etc.]"] in the PCD, which appears to be a writing mistake, a frequent occurrence in the PCD.

This short essay on the First Portuguese Bilingual Dictionary: Resorting to a Foreign 'Modern Language - Chinese would not be complete without giving due recognition and praise to the work of the Jesuit missions in the Orient.

NOTES

* Professor of Romance Philology at Universität Salzburg (Salzburg University), Salzburg, Austria. Director of the Spanish and Portuguese Department at the Institut for Romanistik (Institute of Romance Languages).

Translator's note: The translation of significants into English from the corresponding Portuguese in this essay are as found in: The New Michaelis: Illustrated Dictionary / Novo Michaelis: Dicionário Ilustrado, Volume II, Portuguese-English / Português-Inglês, São Paulo [Brazil], 1961, (40th Edition / 40^a Edição). [WIMMER, Franz, direction, MARIOTTI, Wilson, renewed drawings]

**** Author's Note: Cardoso's dictionary bears two dates. One, on the frontispiece, reads "M. D. LXII." ("1562"); the other, on a colophon on the last page, reads "M. D. LXIII." ("1563"). The latter probably refers to the year of the dictionary's publication.

*** Author's note: In the "appendix".

*****Author's note: Also spelt "alecrim" in the same folio 39vo.

1 MESSNER, Dieter, Dicionário dos dicionários portugueses, 9 vols. [to follow], Salzburg, Institut für Romanistik, 1994-1998, vol. 1,1994 (ABA-ABC); vol.2, 1994 (ABD-ABU); vol. 3, 1996 (AC); vol.4, 1996 (ADA-AFU); vol. 5, 1995 (AGA-AJU); vol. 6, 1997 (ALA-ALG); vol. 7, 1998 (ALH-ALZ); vol. 8, 1998 (AM); vol. 45 1997 (U).

2 MESSNER, Dieter, Sobre dicionários portugueses antigos: uma inventoriação, in "Lusorama", Frankfurt am Main, (28) Oktober [October] 1995, pp. 45-64.

3 VERDELHO, Telmo, HOLTUS, Günter - METZELIN, Michael - SCHMITT, Christian, eds., Portugiesisch: Lexikographie, in "Lexicon der Romanistischen Linguistik", 10 vols., Tübingen, Niemeyer, 1989-1998,1994, vol. 6, part. 2, pp .673-692.

4 LOPES, David, MATOS, Luís de, rev. + pref. and annot., A Expansão da Lingua Portuguesa no Oriente durante os séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, Barcelos, Portucalense Editora, 1969. [2nd edition]

5 RAMOS, João de Deus, Os dicionários luso-sínicos. Relance histórico-bibliográfico, in "Revista de Cultura" [Portuguese edition], Macau, 1 (6) Julho/Agosto/ Setembro [July/August/September] 1998, pp. 42-47. [Not published in the "Review of Culture" English Edition]