'MONOGRAPH OF MACAO'
AND ITS ANNOTATIONS

§1. GENERICS

Some two-hundred-and-forty years ago, during the Qian Long [Qianlong]** Period of the Qing Dynasty, there were two Chinese scholars, both of whom were Civil Servants, who jointly wrote a book entitled Monograph of Macao(Ou-Mun Kei-Leok)[Aomen Jilue], which subsequently became the oldest book Worldwide to describe the Geography and History of Macao, and further, the sole example among the various ancient chronicles of China to be exclusively dedicated to the Territory of Macao.

The two authors of this work were Ian-Kuong Iam [Yin Guangren], of Bao Shan [Baoshan] County, South of the Yantsé [Yanzi] river (today part of Shanghai Province), and Zhang Ru Lin [Zhan Rulin], of the district of Xuan Cheng [Xuangcheng], in the An Hui [Anwei] Province. They were men of letters, promoted to Civil Servants for the Guang Dong[Guangdong] Province and appointed Commissioners of Macao. The title Commissioner of Military and Civil Affairs for the Maritime Defense of the Government of Guangdong was established in Qianlong 9 (1744). This Post regulated the affairs of foreigners resident in Macao, and in addition controlled the Territory's maritime defenses. The headquarters of this Administrative Department were located in the Qianshan Barracks, near Macao, and came under the aegis of the Government of Guangdong.

During their periods in Office, Yin Guaren and Zhan Rulin closely followed local events, and were intent upon writing a Collection on the Geography and History of Macao, with a view to making up for the lack of Chronicles. In Qianlong 10 (1745), Yin Guaren wrote the text of the first draft whilst in Office, and submitted it to Zhan Rulin, who succeeded him in his Official function, for the latter to conclude the edition. However, negligence led to this text being mislaid until Qianlong 16 (1751), the year in which Yin Guaren was appointed zhengtang of Chaozhou in Guangdong Province. Here, by a chance encounter, he met Zhan Rulin, then Supervisor for the Transport of Salt, also located at Chaozhou, at which point the two decided to search for the lost drafts and revise them, making major amendments, which culminated in the Monograph of Macao such as we read today.

The Monograph of Macao describes the History, Geography and Social patterns of Macao. Its a work in two Parts with two Chapters in the first and one in the second, and contain more than sixty-thousand characters.

Part I covers two Chapters respectively entitled General Aspects and Governance. The former describes Topographic conditions, whilst the latter describes how the Government of the Qing Dynasty ruled Macao by way of appointing Civil Servants, and how the Portuguese came to settle in this Territory. In their capacity as Commissioners of Macao, Yin Guaren and Zhan Rulin were able to consult Archival material at first-hand. Further, they compiled the data during their sojourns and periods of research on the outlying islands, among the Chinese and foreign inhabitants. This added to the importance of their Historical descriptions, which became valuable Sources for corroborating the exercise of the right to Sovereignty of the Chinese Government over Macao and for studying its History during the first years of its existence.

For instance, the Chapters General Aspects and Governance confirm that the Ming Dynasty established three Administrative Departments in Macao known as Ti-Diao [Ti Bao], Bei-Wo [Bei Wo] and Xun-Ji [Xun Ji]. Later, the Qing Dynasty installed, in Macao, a Customs Office and an Inspectorate. The Governments of the Ming and Qing Dynasties often passed Laws to Govern and Administer the Portuguese residents in Macao. They established the post of a Commissioner of Macao and transferred the headquarters of the zhengtang of the District of Xiangshan to the village of Mong Há "[...] exclusively in order to deal with all Chinese and foreign legal proceedings, [...]", reserving the right to pass sentence. ***

The Qing Dynasty [Official Records] registered this in the Complete Books of Statistics. These records, printed since the Wanli Period (1573-1620), constitute an authority. They give the middle of this Period as the Epoch for the establishment of the levying of the Macao ground-rent.

This confirms that the Chinese Government conceded Macao to the Portuguese settlers on a lease-hold basis.

Part I of the Monograph of Macao is illustrated with eleven Plates: [1.] Macao, [2.] General Map of Maritime Defenses, [3.] Qian Shan [Qianshan] Military Barracks], [4.] Green Isle, [5.] Administrative Department of the Magistrate of the District, [6.] Macao Seen from Lapa, [7.] Customs Administrative Department, [8.] Administrative Department of the Inspectorate, [9.] Senate Building, [10.] Ma-Kok Temple and [11.] Tiger Gate. The illustrations are minutiously rendered, accurately describing the Geographic location of Macao, the distribution of the population, the location of the Official Departments, and the City's major architectural features, including its fortresses and churches. For example, the plates Macao and Macao seen from Lapa clearly depict the Customs Office installed by the Government of the Qing Dynasty, in Macao, and the three Customs Posts situated respectively in the Grande Porto [literally "Big Harbour", ie: Praya Grande], the Mage [A-Ma] Temple and [adjacent to the church of] S. Francisco [St. Francis], correctly situating the residential areas where the Portuguese lived, and including the [City] Walls constructed by them from the Portas do Campo [old Border Gate] and [the church of] S. Paulo[St. Paul's] as far as Patane [Inner Harbour].

Part II of the Monograph of Macao is entitled Macao Foreigners, and focuses predominantly on the Portuguese residents in the Territory. This Part sole Chapter describes in detail their physical traits, outfits and adornments, daily life habits and customs, their products and utensils, boats and guns, language and writing, as well as their Administrative institutions, churches and fortresses. It is also illustrated with the following ten Plates: [1.] A Foreign Man, [2.] A Foreign Woman, [3.] A Jesuit of the Church of S. Paulo, [4.] A Dominican, [5.] A Franciscan, [6.] An Augustinian, [7.] A Stiff Palanquin, [8.] A Flexible Palanquin, [9.] A Palanquin for Women and [10.] A Foreign Boat. The figurative renderings describe the physical appearance of the [Western] foreigners with their deep-set eyes and protruding noses as well as their typical attire.

The text briefly dedicates a few introductory pages to some Western Countries which, at the time, had trade relations with China, in Macao.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Macao was a centre for [international] trade and Sino-Western contact, and constituted a 'window' through which Chinese intellectuals could gaze upon Western Culture and the outside World. The Monograph of Macao's descriptions provide a sense of the social life of Macao in its early years, as well as patterns of Cultural and Economic exchanges between China and the West in that Period. For example, the eating and drinking habits of the Portuguese residents, in Macao, were noted as follow:

"Regarding food and drink, they have a taste for sweet and spicy food, using quite a lot of crystalized sugar which they mix with garlic to make a smooth dough. Whenever they eat, they ring a bell and put the food in glass receptacles placed on a white cloth. Each person has several 'tools'. They sprinkle rose essence around and rub themselves down with plum blossom. They do not use benches, tables or faichi [kuaizi ](chopsticks). The men and women are seated together with one another and the black slaves serve them the food which is borne to the mouth on silver forks. They always eat the roasts first and, sit down, each with their right hand extended from underneath a cushion, without using it. They call this tch'ôk-sâu [chu-shou] (immobile hand). When they eat a selection of different foods, they invariably use the left hand, taking the food with their fingers. First, they break raw hen eggs and suck them. Afterwards, they carve the roasts and use a white cloth to clean their hands and, every time they clean them, they set it aside only to use it again later. They also eat buns and cakes and every seven days they kill a bull and eat meat for five days. They fast for two days, eating neither beef nor pork, although they are not prohibited from eating shrimps and green vegetables. They throw the leftovers of the food into a receptacle which resembles a feeding trough. The slaves, men and women alike, then take the leftovers with their hands in order to eat them."*

As far as the weddings of the Portuguese are concerned, the book states:

"Marriage ceremonies are not conducted through intermediaries. Boys and girls who feel a mutual affection can be joined together. On the wedding day, the fathers and mothers take them to church to kneel down in front of a Priest who, after reciting a prayer, asks the couple to consent and, with his hands, joins those of the boy and girl, immediately accompanying them outside to the church door. This is called káu-iân [jiao yin] (exchange of seals or rings)."

With respect to the importation of Western products, the book defines them according to five Classifications: [1.] vegetables, [2.] birds and animals, [3.] insects and fish, [4.] foodstuffs and [5.] utensils, including wine, tobacco, opium, jewelry, wool cloth, coins, clocks, weapons, musical instruments, glassware and other items. The text also records the introduction of Western craftsmanship into China, mainly describing the Western calendar, manufacture of guns, Western medicine and painting. As regards painting, the text explains:

"In the Monastery of S. Paulo [St. Paul's], there is an entire Collection portraying seas and oceans, paintings on paper, paintings on hide and every kind of glass object.

Looking at the storeys, terraces, palaces, houses, people and objects in these paintings from a distance of ten steps or so, if the doors of these buildings were open, the steps of the storeys could be counted, which are altogether similar to those of our large living quarters. In the human figures, the eyebrows and eyes are most life-like. There are figure paintings and landscapes in enamel which form Collections of many kinds of tales, and paintings with embroidered flowers."

There is a Section towards the end of the Part Macao Foreigners in which Portuguese terms used in Macao are phonetically translated, complete with Chinese characters. This Section is divided into five Headings: [1.] Heaven and Earth, [2.] Men and Things, [3.] Attire, [4.] Instruments and [5.] Words of Everyday Usage, and contains three-hundred-and-ninety-five entries. Specialists have checked this Glossary and confirmed that the phonetics are fairly accurate. For example, the White House [in Portuguese: "Casa Branca"] is rendered as ká-tchi pá-láng-ku, Governor [in Portuguese: "Governador"] as ló-uái-tó-lou, Green Isle [in Portuguese:"Ilha Verde"] as I-láp yân-lit-tei, Macao [in Portuguese: "Macau"] as má-káu, Attorney [in Portuguese: "Procurador"] as pei-lá-ku-lou-to-lou, Bor der Gate [in Portuguese: "Porta de Cerco"]as pó-tá sué-lou-ku, and so on. This phonetic transcription of Portuguese, characteristic of Macao, is older than that of the English Language, and is a valuable source material for the History of translations to and from the Chinese Language and those of the West.

The Monograph of Macau also includes poetry by Yin Guaren and Zhan Rulin, as well as by other poets of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Sêk Kâm Tchông [Qu Da Jun], Chan Kong Yin [Chen Gong Yin], Leong Pai Lan [Liang Pei Lan], Fang Tchin Yuan [Fang Zhan Yuan], and Tch'ak Tch'ak [Ji Shan]. Thematically varied, these poetical renderings function as textual annotations and explanations, whilst being at the same time literary pieces which merit appreciation in their own right. For instance:

Macao, by Qu Da Jun:

"Macao is the port where the boats of Guangzhou are wont to dock.

The foreigners are wont to wage a battle.

The Portuguese have long hidden troops and arms in this spot.

Rueful the soldiers to see barbarian arms of such fine fettle.

Gliding through space, the demons to devour await their chance.

But since apprised of what friendship is, there will be no disturbance."

Moonlit Night in Macao, by Yin Guaren: "As the moon rises

The firmament reveals to us the mirrors,

Illuminating brightly

Sea and sky.

The pearly surf of the waves effervesces

Waves that surface like a dragon who meanders.

The soaring pavilions and city loom

So high they touch the Milky Way.

Low, the stars

Wish to drift like the boats.

The fine dust flies,

Never reaching the moon.

Who will be the genie of the lunar palace?"

Firearms by Au Uâi Sôi [Qu Huai Rui]:

"There are weapons the size of a hole that come out of the boats on the islands.

All these arms are shaped like guns.

When they shoot, they give off scant smoke.

The various parts are joined together and the parts are adapted one to another.

They smelt iron to make the axles.

They combine them, keeping them connected.

The butt is short and the barrel slim and long.

Inside, there are coils which turn like the circular rings of a tree, and entwined fish.

Like cat and dog, the trigger and hammer of the gun correspond to each other, spitting stones and metal in a mixture of small particles and, with no need of fire, they are set ablaze, and these weapons discharge as if by means of sorcery.

The shots rapidly cover a league's distance and scarcely fall short of that.

The heavy inner object hits with precision whatever stands in its path, producing a flaring burst.

These minor "spear heads" instill respect.

They turn the living into dead, strewn in the wake of the casket unaware that intelligence and trust are to be found in themselves.

The sacred iron forms an encasement. The superior men fear they will not set right the taxes."

Zhan Rulin described the Military might of the Portuguese in the following lines:

"The chief of a legion of one hundred soldiers

Occupies one end to transmit his orders.

The firearms aligned,

He commands with competence at a distance.

The line of defense grows strong,

Brandishing lances, bearing bows.

With stridency you defend a small bay,

The young men band together to increase forces."

Ji Shan described the Buddhist Monastery of the Esoteric Sect (today the Temple of the Compassionate Buddha, in Mong Há):

"The foreign children took to speaking Chinese

By dint of their lengthy sojourn.

Since, whilst suckling,

Their mothers taught them to babble it.

The light of the mountains submerges

In the mirror of the sea, with two shores.

The sound of the bells combines with that of the organs,

At six o'clock."

Leong Têk [Liang Di], in his turn, described the organ of the church of S. Paulo [St. Paul's]:

"The organ is similar to the song (flute) of the halcyon.

With its two wings, it all but resembles the halcyon.

Its green and gold tubes take the place of bamboo sticks.

Short and long, big and small, alternating one after another.

The top part is substituted by wood and the bellows are made of leather.

Now rising, now contracting, the flowing wind is expelled.

When the wind is produced, the reeds vibrate and sound comes out of the openings..

The ivory keys compress the air and create loud musical sounds.

When music is played on the upper level of S. Paulo, the sound can be heard inside and out over ten lis (approximately 5.000 meters).

The sounds are not similar to those produced by silk string instruments or wooden ones, but rather to those of metal or stone.

When they enter they are feeble, but on coming out they are loud, strong and clear.

The sounds disperse, and can be heard all over the island, retaining their perfection.

Intricate also the laws that govern the construction of the organs."

Qu Da Jun described the customs of the Portuguese resident in Macao in the following manner:

"The temple of S. Paulo is the place of worship.

The foreign figure of authority is a priest

Elegant with colours bright

Is the attire used by the devils from afar.

The ladies of the barbarians toss their lovely hair.

Contented mulls the parrot.

The whale stars emit nocturnal light.

With money halcyon are acquired.

Ten of the roofs are circular and square."

2. A FEW PROBLEMS REGARDING THE FIRST EDITION OF AOMEN JILUE DURING THE QIANLONG PERIOD

Aomen Jilue which was written by Yin Kuangjen [Yin Guangren] and Chang Ju-Lin [Zhang Rulin] in the Qing Dynasty is the World's first Historical and Geographic text on Macao. It is also a very important Chinese Document for the study of Macao's early History. Among the many editions of this book, the first published during the Qianlong Period remains the most precious and valuable one for research. The following text mainly discusses this edition.

According to the Zhongguo Difangzhi Lianhe Mulu (United Catalogue of Chinese Local Records), twelve Libraries on mainland China store the first edition of Aomen Jilue. This edition was registered in the United Catalogue as the Block-Printed Edition in the 16th Year (1751) of the Qianlong Period. However, as I surveyed, these twelve Libraries do not keep the same edition but rather, at least, two different editions.

One edition is that kept in the National Library, in Beijing, and in some other State Libraries. The format of this edition includes nine lines per page and twenty words per line, four black lines in the margin, "Song" typeface, no cover, with an inscription at the end which reads: "the stored edition of the Xi-Ban-Tsao-Tang [Xiban Caotang]". There are two volumes of this edition, both with a Preface by Zhang Rulin and an Postface by Yin Guangren. This edition was cited in Huang Shang's A Part of the Cut Blocks for Printing of the Qing Dynasty.

Another edition is kept in the Zhong Shang [Zhongshang] Library and at the Library of South China Normal University. The format of this edition also includes nine lines per page and twenty words per line, and four black lines in the margin, but its typeface is different from that of the previously mentioned edition. As neither of these editions indicates a publishing date, which was the earliest can only be decided upon by examining their contents.

However, there are two very significant differences between the content of the two editions.

One is about the establishment of a Tong Zhi [tongzhi] Official, in Macao. The Zhongshang edition includes a Report sent by Pan Si-qu [Pan Siju] (a Guangdong Provincial Official) and instructions sent by the Qing Government regarding this matter which add more than one-thousand-five-hundred characters to the The Beijing National Library edition.

The other difference also appears in the Guandong passage. When giving an account of Portuguese soldiers who killed some Chinese in Qianlong 13 (1748) Period, in Macao, the Zhongshang edition comments:

"Because Zhang Rulin followed previous procedures as when dealing with similar cases, he was criticized by the Emperor. Although the punishment was less serious than before, his position was reduced as a punishment. "

These problems regarding Zhang Rulin were not recorded in the Beijing National Library edition.

From the content differences between the two editions it is possible to ascertain that the edition which is stored in the Beijing National Library under the title "The Stored Edition of the Xi-Ban Tsao-Tang [Xiban Caotang]" was published earlier and, therefore, is the real first edition of Aomen Jilue.

Although it is stated in the United Catalogue that Aomen Jilue was first published in Qianlong 16, this is not correct. However, Qianlong 16 was the time when Zhang Rulin and Yin Guangren finished the text, the Preface and the Postface, but not the time when it was published. According to documentation it was in Chaozhou (ie: Feng Cheng [Fengcheng]) that Zhang Rulin and Yin Guangren finished their book, the Preface and the Postface but there is no mention in texts pertaining to the History of Chaozhou neither of Aomen Jilue's publication nor of Xiban Caotang existence. This indicates that the Aomen Jilue was not published immediately after it was finished. Furthermore, soon afterwards Qianlong 16, both Zhang Rulin and Yin Guangren left Guangdong Province and went back to their hometowns, respectively: Xuancheng, in Anwei, and Baoshan, in Kiangsu [Jiangsu]. This information strongly indicates that most probably the Aomen Jilue was first published after the authors returned to their home-towns, that is to say after the 16th year of the Qianlong Period. Only later, the Aomen Jilue was registered in the General Catalogue of Ssu-Ku Ch'uan-Shu [Siku Quanshu],which was published in Qianlong 54 (1789). Thus it is certain that the first edition of the Aomen Jilue appeared before 1789. According to evidence it is possible to conclude that the first edition of the Aomen Jilue appeared in the middle of the Qianlong Period, ie: between 1751 and 1789.

The Aomen Jilue was first published either in Anwei Province or Jiangsu Province, which were the hometowns of the authors. Chen Kun, a tongzhi Official of Macao during the Kuang-hsu [Guangxu] Period, wrote in the Postface of the Guangzhou "new" edition of the Aomen Jilue:

"I heard of the Aomen Jilue but could not find it. Later I found it in Kiangnan [Jiangnan] (a Region which includes Anwei and Jiangsu) because it was published after the authors returned to their hometowns."

Also, when the Aomen Jilue was registered in the General Catalogue of Siku Quanshu, it was recorded that the book was sent in by the Governor of the Anwei Province. In principle, this indicates the publishing place, although it can not be defined correctly unless the place where the Xiban Caotang was kept can be categorically ascertained.

§3. A CAUTIONARY NOTE

The Aomen Jilue (Monograph of Macao) is of such valuable Cultural and Historical importance that since its publication it has continuously been a source of interest for its readership. The text was distributed trhroughout China in ten different editions, the oldest pertaining to the years Qianlong 16-54 (1751-1789), published after Yin Guangren and Zhan Rulin had completed the final revision of the original Manuscript. These days, copies of one of these original editions is rarely seen. A more readily available text is either the Jiaqing 5 (1800) edition or the Guangxu 6 (1880) edition. In addition to these, there are editions from the Daoguang Period, Guangxu 10 (1884), Guangxu 16 (1890) and from the epoch of the National Republic. The selections from the Aomen Jilue contained in the Compendium of Local Chronicles of China and in the Compendium of the History of China, both published between 1960-1970, in Taiwan, were facsimiles of the above-mentioned editions in circulation. Another Source states that the Aomen Jilue was translated into Japanese and Portuguese. Unfortunately, the author of the present Article has never seen these foreign Language translations. ****

In comparison with the copies of the 1st edition of the Qianlong Period, the copies presently in circulation have many gaps and are much reduced in lenght. A case in point is the edition of the Daoguang Period, which dispenses with the poems, the annotations, the commentaries and the illustrations, being exclusively a selective text of the overall original text.

In the light of the above-mentioned problems in the copies presently in circulation, readers should exercise utmost caution in examining and consulting them, if they wish to gain an accurate and fully comprehensive reading. Bearing this in mind, using the first edition of the Qianlong Period as a copy text, I consulted other Sources from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and compared the editions presently in circulation. In 1988, together with the current amended text, I submitted my in-depth research to the Higher Education Publisher, in Guangdong for purposes of publication. Nevertheless, collation of this kind only overcomes the disadvantages of an incomplete reading and editing errors; it will not suffice to help readers understand the contents of a text, study its Historical data nor research in depth the issues raised by the text's contents. With this in mind, over the last few years and on the basis of successive collations of data, I have compiled more than one thousand annotations pertaining to the Aomen Jilue. This Collection of Annotations embraces the following parameters:

3.1. REVISION OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL

DATA, PRINCIPALLY OF ERRORS WHICH

DO NOT CORRESPOND

TO OTHER HISTORICAL REGISTERS

For example, regarding the arrival of the first Portuguese fleet to trade with China, the Chapter Governance states:

"During the Jing Tai Period of the Ming Dynasty, the fái-lóng-kei (Portuguese) entered Guangzhou in a sudden and disordered fashion. Considering this entry an illegal act, the garrison of China did not grant them access."<****>

However, according to other Registers from the Ming Dynasty, the local functionaries of Guangzhou offered them a fairly friendly welcome, without expelling them.

By way of a further example, Part II, Macao Foreigners, states:

"[...] fái-lóng-kei, subsequently called kan-sut-lat, and today fai-long sei or fac-long sei [...]". In fact, "Portugal" was dubbed fái-lóng-kei by the Chinese during the Ming Dynasty, kan-sit-lat is Spain, whilst fai-long-sei is France.

The original text confuses the three Countries.

3.2. ANNOTATIONS ON PLACE NAMES.

The Aomen Jilue mentions numerous places with Chinese and foreign names, many of which do not correspond to current usage.

For example, in its early years, Macao was called hou-kéang (Mirror of the Ditch). Also, in the text, the island of Taipa is called kâ-tcheang, the island of Coloane kou-ou (New Wharf) and the island of Xiao Heng Qin [nowadays the town of Zhuhai] is Tómei (Rudder).

In the text a number of foreign terms are also confused, such as "Portugal" for fái-lóng-kei or bor-er-tu-ke-er, "Spain" for tai-lu-song or kan-sit-iat, "Holland" for ho-lan or he-lan, or hong-mau-fan, "Denmark" for lian.

The Annotations differentiate the the mentioned places' nomenclatures and explicit their terminologies.

3.3. PEOPLE

The Aomen Jilue alludes to many people, both Chinese and Portuguese who played a distinct role in the History of Macao, and literati who wrote poetry and dissertations about Macao.

The Annotations compile a Bibliography of authors and provide information on these characters.

3.4. EXPLANATIONS OF SPECIAL

PRODUCTS, DOCUMENTS AND DIETS

NOT EASILY UNDERSTOOD, AND DRAWINGS

AND BOOKS CITED

For example, Part II of the Aomen Jilue: Macao Foreigners, refers to certain vegetables, animals, birds, insects, fishes as well as utensils from the West and other assorted articles, Chinese diets common in Macao in that epoch, as well as a number of literary works are also mentioned.

The Annotations explain these and other contemporary subjects no longer common in the twentieth century.

Translated from the Chinese by: Zoe Copeland

Revised by: Maria Trigoso

CHINESE GLOSSARY

Anwei 安微

Aomen Jilue 澳门紀略

Baoshan 宝山

Bei Wo [Bei-Wo] 備倭

Beijing 北京

Caotang 草堂

Chaozhou 潮州

Chen Gong Yin [Chan King Yin] 陈恭尹

Chen Kun 陈坤

chu-shou [tch'ôk-sâu] 触

Fang Zhan Yuan [Fang Tchin Yuan]

Fengcheng 风城

Guangdong 广东

Guangxu 广绪

Huang Shang 黄裳

Ji Shan [Tch'ak Tch'ak]

Jiangnan 江南

Jiangsu 江苏

jiao yin [káu-iân] 交印

kuaizi 筷子

Liang Di [Leong Têk]

Liang Pei Lan [Leong Pai Lan] 梁佩兰

Mage [Ma Ko] 姆阁

Pan Siju 潘思

Qi Lu 齐鲁

Qianlong 乾隆

Qianshan 前山

Qu Dajun [Sêk Kâm Tchông] 屈大鈞

Qu Huai Rui [Au Uâi Sôi]

Siku Quanshu 四库全书

Song 宋

Ti Bao [Ti-Diao] 提調

Tongzhi 同知

Xiban 西板

Xuancheng 宣城

Xun Ji [Xun-Ji] 巡緝

Yin Guangren 印光任

Zhang Rulin 张汝霖

Zhongguo Difangzhi Lianhe Mulu 中国地方志联合目绿

Zhonghua 中华

Zhongshan 中山

**Due to the local spelling characteristics of many of the Chinese entities, names, locations and sites, as well as the vernacular Guandonguese transliterations of the Portuguese examples quoted in the text, the romanised transliterations from the Chinese were first, kept as suggested by the author/ translator. Matching pinyin transliterations appear in straight parenthesis [ ] following the original transliterations when they first appear, thereinafter always in pinyin.

***On the subject of the ground-rent paid at the time by the Portuguese to the Chinese Government, the Chapter Governance clearly describes that "An yearly ground rent at the sum of 500 liangs (approximately 18.750 grams) of silver is levied by the District of Xiangshan in return for concessions of Macao Territory. [.. and continues...] A close examination of the History the Ming Dynasty shows us that the annual sum arising from Macao Duties was 20 000 liangs (750.000 grams) and the ground rent of 500 liangs (approximately 18.750 grams), the Source of which is, however, unknown."

**** Tcheong-Ü-Lâm - Ian-Kuong-Iâm, Ou-Mun Kei-Leok: Monografia de Macau, (Edição de Quinzena de Macau, [Outubro de 1979] Macau, [Leal Senado], Tipografia Mandarim, 1979.

* Professor in the Department of History, University of Jinan (Guangdong).