PORTUGUESE LEXICON

KEY

· From: LOUREIRO, Rui Manuel, Glossário Geral, in "Antologia Documental: Visões da China na Literatura Ibérica dos Séculos XVI e XVII", in "Revista de Cultura", Macau, 31 (2) Abril-Junho [April-June] 1997, pp. 205-209. [Revised and enlarged translation from the Portuguese] -See: Texts 1-28

From: [PINTO, Fernão Mendes,] CATZ, Rebecca D., ed. and trans., Glossary l: Foreign and Uncommon Words, in "The travels of Mendes Pinto" [FMP], Chicago - London, The University of Chicago Press, 1989. [Transcribed from the English] - See: Text 22

■ From: [PINTO, Fernão Mendes,] CATZ, Rebecca D., ed. and trans., Glossary 2: Weights, Measures, and Units of Currency, * in "The travels of Mendes Pinto" [FMP], Chicago - London, The University of Chicago Press, 1989. [Transcribed from the English] - See: Text 22

From: CORTES, Adriano de las, REBOLLO, Beatriz Moncó, ed., Glosario, ** in "Viage de la China", Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1991, pp. 85-90. [Revised and adapted translation from the Spanish] - See: Text 24

◆ BOXER, Charles Ralph, Appendix: Currency, Weights and Measures*** - A. Currency and money of account. +B. Trading by weight o f bullion. **** + C. Weights. + Measures of capacity. + E. Measures of length., in "The Great Ship from Amacon", Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1963, pp. 335-342. (338-339) [Non edited transcription]

◆ BOXER, Charles Ralph, ed., South China / in the sixteenth century / Being the narratives of Galeote Pereira / Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O. P. / Fr. Martín de Rada, O. E. S. A. /(1550-1575) / Edited by C. R. Boxer / Camões Professor of Portuguese, University of London, / King's Colledge, London, Hakluyt Society, 1921, [second series, No. CVl], (issued for 1953), pp. 361-374 [see: Chinese Lexicon].

BOXER, Charles Ralph, ed. and trans., Glossary, compiled in 1942 by J. M. Braga, *****in "Macau na época da Restauração - Seventeenth Century Macau in Contemporary Documents and lllustrations", Hong Kong - Kuala Lumpur- Singapore, Heinemann (Asia), 1984, pp. 196-198.

The Dutch call these ingots schuisilver, and the English <> or <>. As regards the working of the system in Japan, Padre João Rodrigues [Tçuzzu], S. J., informs us in his Arte of 1604-1608, that a boat of silver weighed 4 taels 3 mace, and was subdivided into ten parts or ryo of 4 mace 3 conderines apiece. The bar of gold weighed 4 taels 4 mace, being subdivided into 10 ryo of 4 mace 4 conderines each. These last were again subdivided into smaller fractions called bu, if necessary. Copper cash came in strings of 100, and 1,000.

From references to bar-silver and gold in the correspondence of the Portuguese, Dutch, and English merchants in Japan, 1600-1640, it is apparent that the bars were of no fixed magnitude, and that their value was always determined by the weight which did not vary. Since Japanese silver bullion was not so pure as the Spanish-American or superior Chinese varieties, it was sometimes refined by the Dutch and English before they exported it, but the Portuguese do not seem to have done this to any extent. The chest of silver (caixa de prata) was usually reckoned at 1,000 taels, a tael of weight corresponding to a tael of money of account. This was not invariable, as in Jan. 1617 for instance, Richard Cocks records <Thomas, being in all 8,000 taels, all fine melted China plate.>> The Japanese called these bars kiri-gin or <>. The Dutch Factors in Japan reckoned the silver ingot or bar (schuitsilver) at 4 taels 3 mace, which agrees with João Rodrigues' value given above from his Arte of 1604.

(1) Gabriel de Magalhães S. J., A New History of China (London, 1688), pp. 136-137. l have checked the English translation with the original Portuguese text printed on pp. 204-205or Fr. Jacinto de Deus O. F. M., Vergel de plantas e flores da provincia da Madre de Deos dos Capuchos Reformados (Lisboa, 1690), where the Franciscan friar pirated his Jesuit's predecessor's work without the slighest acknowledgement.

(2) This word and its derivaties (datchin, dotchin, dachein, etc.) is a corruption of the Cantonese tu'ch'eng, or hand-steelyard. This a balance consisting of a lever with unequal arms which moves on a fulcrum. Cf. Travels of Peter Mundy, III, pp. 311-312 (note); C. R. Boxer, South China in the 16th century, p.129."

A

·　 abaldocada {arch.} [abaldocadas] A non identified word, possibly meaning in this context, 'wide, flaired sleeves'. [Text 3, note 4].

· abano [abanos] or leque [leques] = "fan" [Eng.] The Portuguese word derives from the expression "abanos léquios " ("fans from the Léquias Islands"), meaning, fans made in the Liuqiu Islands, which have been identified as the Ryukyu ("Liu Kiu") Archipelago. [Text 1, note 13 + See: • Léquias]

abano [abanos] A 'fan of the open type', as distinct from a leque ('folding fan').

· abarute {arch.?} A non identified merchandise. [Text 1, note 48]

· acafelada {arch.} [acafeladas] (Lit.: 'hidden' or 'concealed'): meaning, 'rebocadas' ("plastered over"). [Text 7, note 42]

agrém [agréns] Mendes Pinto uses this word for a Buddhist pulpit in Indochina. Rodolfo Dalgado says that it is probably derived from the Pali agaram, which in turn derived from the Sanskrit agara, meaning "house or room". ([FMP]chaps. 127, 168, 199)

· Ahimpu "Ahimpu" [Eng.]; Hsing-pu or Xingbu [Chin.] The Board of Justice in Beijing, being one of the major Ministries of the Chinese Imperial goverment. [Text 11, notes {43}, 43 + See: • Atuchaém + • Hanlin + • Plmpu]

· aitão [aitãos], aaitao [aaitaos], hitaão [Hitãaos] oritao [Itaos] = Aytan [Span.]; "Aitão[s]", "Aitan[s]", "Hai-tao[s] ","Hoi-tan[s] ", "Aaitao[s]", "Haitu[s]", "Hi Taão[s]" [Eng.]; Haitao-fu-shih or haidao [Chin.] The commander of a province's coastal defense forces with powers of jurisdiction upon foreigners, in China. Also, an "admiral of the coastguard fleet."[Text 1, note 32 + Text 7, note 37 + Text 11, notes {21}, {41}, 25, 28, 44 + Text 14, note 1 + Text 20, note 12 + Text 24, note 22 + Text 26, note {25} + Text 27, note 30 + See: • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + •chaém + • chifu orchinfu + • compin , chumbim orchumpim + •colao or colau +• conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia +• lutlci + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

aitao [aitaos] This is Friar Gaspar da Cruz' spelling. [See: Text 11] According to Charles Ralph Boxer this spelling derives from "hai-tao-fu-shih" which he defines as a "commander of the provincial coastguard fleet" [in China] adding "Sometimes translated as 'commissioner of the sea route'; and sometimes as 'admiral'." [See: aytao + itao.]

Al-Koran The word has two meanings: (a) The Koran, or sacred book of the Mahommedans; (b) the tower or minaret of the mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. ([FMP] chaps. 18, 27, 31, 51) [See: Koran]

· alaqueca {arch.} [alaquecas] = "carnelian[s]" [Eng.] A precious stone also known as 'cornalina' ('cornelians'), which was believed to have the property of containing blood hemorrages. [Text 1, note 38]

albricia [albricias] or alviçara [alviçaras] Gratification for good news brought or for information of any importance,or for the recovery of lost articles.

■ alcá [alcás] Mendes Pinto seems to be the only one of the early Portuguese writers to use this word, which Rodolfo Dalgado suggests may be related to the Malay laku, meaning "currency (coin)." "This city [...] provides the king of Jangomá with an income of sixty-thousand gold alcás, or the equivalent of 72000,000 cruzados [...]." ([FMP] chap.158)[See: cash+conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + mace, mas or maz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tangalarim + teston + turma + vintém]

alcanzia [alcanzias] A game, adopted from the Spanish, of sham fighting on horseback, using balls of clay as missiles.

· aljôfar {arch.} = ("seed-pearls") [Eng.] Meaning, 'pérola miúda' (lit.: 'small pearls'). [Text 1, note 27]

almadia [almadias] A small rowing vessel. The term is also used for small sailing craft employed in coastal trade. Originally a boat hollowed out of a single trunk. Dugout canoe. [See: ballão + cho + fusta + lantea + manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma + wankan] almiron[almirones] A kind of lettuce or wild chicory. (fol. 78 vo)

· almíscar = "musk" A strongly odouriferous substance segregated in the preputial follicles of the musk-deer (Moschus moschiferus), a common ruminant native of Tibet. Musk was used in making perfumes and pharmaceuticals. Extracting it means killing the animal, a fact which was perhaps the origin of the these somewhat fantastical ideas. The musk-deer (Moschus moschiferus), a common ruminant native of the Tibetan plains, produces musk in his preputial follicles. [Text 1, note 52 + Text 15, note 20 + Text 17, note 12+ Text 18, note 34]

■ almud [almudes] A measure of dry or liquid capacity in Portugal, Brazil, and other countries, varying widely in dimensions from about two to thirty-two quarts. In general, equal to about twenty-five liters. "about as thick as a four almud barrel" ([FMP] chap. 75) [See: jau]

◆ almude "26 almudes to the Portuguese pipe of wine."

[See: alqueire + canada + candil + koku + quartilho or quartillo + tun, ton or shipping ton]

◆ alqueire "Portuguese measure for dry things, 13 litres, or 1 3/5 Peck; for liquids, 1/2 almude." [See: almude + canada + candil + IMG=062e139ac> koku + IMG=062e139ac> quartilho or quartillo + tun, ton or shipping ton]

· altamia {arch.} [altamias] = "earthenware" [Eng.] Asmall alguidar ('vessel') in glazed clay. [Text 1, note 11 + See: porcelana]

altirna [altirnas] Mendes Pinto uses this word for the upper or outer garnment worn by the Buddhist priests of China, which Dalgado believes is derived from the Pali uttariyam. ([FMP] chaps. 110, 160, 163-165, 167-168, 210)

· alvaiade {arch.} = "ceruse" [Eng.] a cosmetic. [Text 1, note 12 + See: arrebique]

· âmbar = "ambergris" [Eng.] An internal secretion of the sperm whale extremely difficult to obtain in China, but much sought after by the rich people for its believed rejuvenating properties. [Text 7, note 2 + Text 17, note 14]

amborraja[amborrajas] From the Malay hamba-raja, meaning 'servant of the King'. Accordind to Marsden the amborrajas were Malay and not Battak officers, as Mendes Pinto would have us believe. ([FMP] chaps. 15, 31, 174) [See: bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo. cabizondaor capisondo + chaubainha+ dato + guazil+ modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + *pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguysdeates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

Amida The Japanese name for the Buddha Amitabha (Infinite Light) or Amitâyus (Infinite Life). Devotion to Amida or Amitabha, which first developed in China, gave rise in Japan to a special brach of Buddhism called Amidism. Amida is a fabulous personage who abides in the Western Heaven. He is worshipped by the northem or Mahayana Buddhists but is unknown to the soutern or Hinayana Buddhists of Siam, Burma, and Ceylon. The Western Paradise promised to the worshippers of Amida-Buddha is inconsistent with the doctrine of nirvana, since it promised immortality instead of anihilation. Amida is a male deity, though Mendes Pinto makes him female, probably because the word ends with an 'a'. ([FMP] chaps. 78, 107, 111-112, 211-213)

amuck [amucks] From the Maly amoq, meaning, "frenzied attack, or a man possessed by fury." Rodolfo Dalgado distinguishes between two types of Oriental amucks, those who, moved by vengeance, seek desesperately to do as much harm as possible to their ennemies, as in India; and those who, dominated by fury, kill innocent people, as in the Malay Archipelago. ([FMP] chaps. 17, 28, 59, 119, 155, 174, 175, 186)

· Anção or Ansão {Arch.} = "Anção " [Eng.]; Hiansanshien or Xiangshan [Chin.] The town in Guangdong province which held the Chinese administrative control of Mação [Text 15, note 26 + Text 18, note 19]

· anchaci [Anchacis] = "anchali[s]" or "ancasio [Span.]; "Anchassi[s]", "Anchali[s]" or "Ancasio " [Eng.]; Ngan chah sz or anchashi [Chin.] A magistrate or a judge of a province, in China. [Text 7, note 29 + Text 11, note 30 + Text 20, note 11 + Text 26, note {25} + Text 27, notes {31}, 39 + See: • altão + • ceiui or ceui + •chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + •hioquon + • loutea or loutia +•lutlci + • pachou + • pio + •pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • fico + •tuci + • tutão + • upo]

anchaci [anchassis] A provincial judge or chief justice, in China. Also translated as "criminal judge" or "judicial commissioner". ([FMP] chaps. 47, 85, 88-90, 94-95, 106-107, 113-115,222)[See: anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao +bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + • conchaci orconchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + ·sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

anchacilado [anchassilados] A term, probably invented by Pinto, for the district of the anchaci. ([FMP] chaps.45, 83, 88, 113, 222) [See: anchaci + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy +conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + · tutão + upo + xipatom]

anchaçu [anchaçus] According to Adriano de las Cortes, a "provincial mandarin of the second or third rank [...]to whom is conferred with the powers of first instance trial court judge or an appellate review judge." It is a Portuguese term. (Despite Adriano de las Cortes definition his spelling of the term with a cedilla on its last 'c' [thus 'ç'] might correspond to 'anchasi'. The discrepancies in the specification of the attributed ranks might derive from a mistake or a ignorance from the author). (fol. 136)

anchasi [anchasis] A "Provincial mandarin ofthe fifth rank [, in China]. Also the Chief Justice of civil and criminal law who deliberates all matters sent to him by all provincial judges. In reality his tribunal acts like a special jurisdiction appellate court". This is also Gaspar da Cruz' spelling [See: Text 11] According to Charles Ralph Boxer this spelling derives from "an-ch 'a-shih" which he defines as "Provincial Chief Justice or Judicial Commissioner" adding "also translated as Criminal Judge."

· anda [andas] (Lit.: 'portable [s]' or 'carrier [s]'): meaning, 'liteira[s]' ("palanquin[s]" or 'sedan chair[s]'). [Text 7, note 24 + Text 9, note 34]

· anfião Opium.

· Anquem {arch} = "Amqm" [Eng.]; Nanchang [Chin.] Possibly meaning in this context, a city in Jiangxi province. [Text1, note 9]

· Arábia feliz {arch.} = Arabia Felix [Latin] (Lit.: 'Prosperous Arabia', 'Blissfúl Arabia'): meaning, an ancient name ascribed to North Yemen (presently Yemen Arab Republic). [Text 17, note 2]

· areca [arecas] or areta [aretas] = Areca catechu [Latin]; areca [Span.]; "Ateca", "areca", 'areca nut' or 'betel-nut' A nut much used in the composition of 'betel', a chewing mixture of pounced areca-nuts, lime, oyster powder and other aromatic substances roled in a betel leaf, with stimulating and astrigent properties much appreciated in the Far East. [Text 28, note 18 + See: • bétele + • cacho]

◆ arratel "The Portuguese pound, which, as Peter Mundy wrote in 1637 <viz 2%.>> Twenty arrateis went to the catty of 16 taels in Japan, according to Padre João Rodrigues, S. J., in 1604. The Portuguese reckoned 32 arrateis to the arroba and 128 to the quintal." [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, canctareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + mai + momme + picul. pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

· arrebique {arch.} = "paint" [Eng.] A cosmetic. [Text 1, note 12 + See: • alvaiade]

■ arroba [arrobas] A weight equal to a quarter of a quintal, or thirty-two pounds avoirdupois; from the Arabic ar-ruba, meaning a 'fourth'. The arroba today is reckoned as equivalent to fifteen kilograms. "He arranged to send him [...] two arrobas of musket powder [...]." ([FMP] chap. 21) [See: bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + m picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

◆ arroba "The Portuguese quarter of 32 lb. avoirdupois, there being 4 arrobas to the quintal." [See: arratel + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

assegai [assegais] Also spelled 'azagaia', 'assagai' or 'hassegai'. A short lance or spear used for both throwing and stabbing. From the Arabic az-zagaya, a term adopted by the Arabs from the Berber zaghaya, and later by the Portuguese to designate various lances of their own. ([FMP] chaps.18, 206)

· atorcelar {arch.} = "gallooned" [Eng.] To embelish costumes and apparels with torsels of silk and gold or silver thread akin to the treble band worn by the Brahmans over a shoulder and crosswise on their chest from left to right, symbolic of their initiation. [Text 9, note 20]

· Atuchaém = "Aty Chḽ" [Eng.]; Tu Ch'a Yuan or Duchayuan [Chin.] The Censorate, in Beijing, being one of the major Ministries of the Chinese Imperial govemment. [Text11, notes {44}, 43 + See: Ahimpu + Hanlin + Plmpu]

· Aucheo {arch.} = Aucheo [Span.]; "Ancheo" [Eng.]; Fuzhou [Chin.] A coastal city in Fujian province. [Text 16, note 5]

· Aurea Quersoneso = "Aurea Quersoneso" or "Golden Peninsula" [Eng.] The classical European designation of the Malay Peninsula; the extraction of gold [Latin: aurum] being in fact related to the Island of Sumatra (presently Sumatera). [Text 6, note 2]

autzati [autzatis] An alcaide (mayor) of a city.

· Ava An ancient kingdom on the shores ofthe upper part of the Irrawadi River, taking up territory inside of Burma (presently Myanmar). [Text 8, note 23 + See: • Chian-mai + •Pegu]

aytao [aytaos] The Spanish version of 'aitao'. González de Mendoza specifies it being a provincial mandarin of the sixth rank, also invested with the powers of commander in chief of the armies. His mission was to "supervise" the foreigners upon their arrival at a Chinese province. Adriano de las Cortes states that "[...] under his administration are the foreigners and the maritime settlements [...] as well as all the armies, both navy and military." (fol. 100vo) Álvaro Semedo spelling of this term is "itao ". [See: aitao + itao]

aytao [aytaos], aytau [aytaus] or aitao [aitaos] From the Chinese haitao, hai-tô, or hai-tao-fu-shih. The com mander of the provincial coast-guard fleet, in China. Also the "general of the sea of Kwantung [Guangdong] province." Sometimes translated as "commissioner of the sea route" and sometimes as "admiral". ([FMP] chaps. 81, 85-86, 88-89, 98, 100-101, 103, 105-107, 114, 132, 221) [See: * anchaci + anchacilado + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

azeda [azedas] A Portuguese word meaning 'wood sorrel'. ([FMP] chap. 138)

B

· baar = "bahar" [Eng.] A measure of weight which could vary between one-hundred and forty and three-hundred and thirty kilograms. Measures of weight varied greatly from region to region in the Orient. Sometimes in a trading port the same measure of weight varied according to the kind of produce being traded. [Text 1, note 42 + See: • candil + • cate + • li + • maz + • pico or piquo + • pom + • pu + • tael] bada [badas] From the Malay badak, meaning (in the sixteenth century) a 'wild animal' or a 'domesticated animal gone wild'. Mendes Pinto uses the word to refer to the yak of Tartary. ([FMP] chap. 73)

■ bahar [bahares], bar [bares] or bare [bares] An Indian weight that varied widely in different regions and according to the different commodities for which it was used. In the Far East, the Portuguese usually reckoned the bahar as equal to three piculs or four-hundred pounds avoirdupois.” [...] signed a peace treaty that called for the Achinese to make reparations of five bahars of gold, or the equivalent of 200,000 cruzados [...]." ([FMP] chap. 13). See also chapters 18, 27, 33, 39, 43, 51. [See: bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

◆ bahar, bar, bare, etc. "An Indian weight which varied very widely in different regions, and according to the different commodities for which it was used. In the Far East, the Portuguese usually reckoned the bahar as equal to 3 piculs, or 400 lb. avoirdupois." [See: arratel + arroba + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + km + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

· bailéu {arch.} [bailéus]A movable wooden platform. [Text 8, note 26]

bailéu [bailéus] From the Malay, meaning 'audience hall' or 'magistrate's tribunal'. The word was given secondary meanings by the Portuguese writers, who used it variously in the sense of 'tribune', 'verandah', 'porch', 'lean-to', 'public banquet hall', or a 'raised fighting platform' on a ship. ([FMP] chaps.15, 32)

bainhá [bainhás] From the Burmese ba-yin, meaning 'lord'. Spelled variously by the English historians as 'binnya','bayin', 'buyin', etc. Title of a government officer, in Burma and Pegu. ([FMP] chaps.150, 153, 155, 188, 190) [See: amborraja + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

· balão {arch.} [balões] or ballão [ballões] = "Boat[s]"or "ballões" [Eng.] A small boat propelled by oars which bottom is made by a single board, in China. [Text 22, note 13 + Text 25, notes {6}, 10 + See: • bancão + • esquife + • junco +• manchua + • patacho]

ballão [ballões] Small pleasure boats, much used in Macao at one time, also in various parts of the Indies. [See: almadia + cho + fusta + lantea + manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma + wankan]

· bancão [bancões] = vankan [Malay]; "wankan[s]" "Vancon[s]" [Eng.] a small junk or a small boat which long oars are manoeuvered by two standing men, in China. [Text 22, note 15 + Text 25, notes 43, {55} + + See: • balão or ballão + • esquife + • junco + • manchua + • patacho]

· Batampina {arch.} = Batampina [Span.]; "Batampina" [Eng.] A "river" which, according to modern historians, might be the 'Grand Canal', a network of navigationable, mostly artificial watercourses crossing vast regions of westcentral China. [Text 12, note {5} + Text 27, notes {27}, 33]

barganais Bahar nagaes or Bahr nagas, the title of Governor of northern Etiopia, literally meaning 'Lord of the Sea'. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries he was the Governor of Tigre and the lowlands stretching to the coast of Massawa. After 1580 his office as absorbed in that of the Tegre makuannen, but when the Portuguese first arrived (1520), the two were still distinct, the domain of the bahar nagaes ending at the Marab and including the provinces of Sarawe, Hamasen, Akala Guzay, and Bur. ([FMP] chap. 4) [See: amborraja + bainhá + bendara + cabisondo, cablzonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

bategas The noise produced by Chinese cymbals and other similar instruments.

bendara [bendaras] Tomé Pires (1512?), who has given us the first European description of the Malacca [presently Melaka] high officials, writes that" [...] the Bendara is a kind of chief justice in all civil and criminal affairs. He also has charge of the King's revenue. He can order any person to be put to death, of whatever rank or condition [...] but first of all he informs the King." The Portu guese retained the office of bendara when they took over Malacca (presently Melaka), but with some restrictions. ([FMP] chaps.14-15, 28) ) [See: bainhá + barnagais + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

· berço {arch.} [berços] = "falconet[s]" [Eng.] A contemporary kind of cannon, or "a small field-gun in use till the 16th century." [Text 7, note 41 + Text 25, note 29 + See: • colubrina + • esmeril + • falcão + • falcão pedreiro + • pedreiro + • sagres + • saligue + • trabuco] bétele = "betel" [Eng.] A chewing mixture of pounced areca-nuts, lime, oyster powder and other aromatic substances roled in a betel leaf, with stimulating and astrigent properties much appreciated in the Far East. Most historians seriously question the verity of being also taken by the mandarins [Chinese government officials], during the sixteenth century. [Text 9, note 24 + See: • areca + • cacho]

betenigus Beit-el-Negus From the Amharic literally meaning 'house of the king'. It applies speciffically to the round houses and not to the rectangular ones. ([FMP] chap. 4)

■ biça [biças] or viss [visses] From the Tamil visai, meaning 'division'. A weight in South India and Burma. In Madras it was equal to about three pounds, two ounces avoirdupois. In Burma, the 'viss', as the English called it, was equal to about three pounds, five ounces. "[...] he became tributary to him for the sum of 600,000 biças a year, which is equivalent to 300,000 cruzados in our money [...]." ([FMP] chap. 157; in chap. 186 Pinto writes, "[...] one thousand biças in gold, which is worth 500,000 cruzados in our money [...].") See also chapters 148, 192, 193, 196. [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + candim or candil + canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

bichara From the Sanskrit vichara. Consultation, meeting, conference, etc. ([FMP] chap. 52)

bico [bicos] From the Pali bkikku, meaning a 'Buddhist monk' who begs for alms. ([FMP] chap. 160, 167) [See: chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

biombu [biombus], beobu [beobus] or beōbu [beõbus] Screens of the type made in Japan (屏风). The two later spellings were also much used in the sixteenth and seventeenth century documents in Macao. [See: bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kago or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kago + roju + shōgun + tono]

bonze [bonzes] or bonzo [bonzos] A term applied by Europeans in China to the Buddhist clergy, but originating with early visitors to Japan. ([FMP] pp.78, 90, 96, 111, 114,121, 134-137, 161, 168, 201, 208-213, 223, 225) [See: broquem + goxo + groxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém + yacata]

· Botente = Botente [Span.] "Tibet" [Eng.] [Text 27, note 22] "Catay", that part of Mongolia which lies north of China." [Text 27 note {18}]

◆ braça "Portuguese fathom; 6 feet; 10 palmos or spans." [See: braça + chang + covado, corado or covid + palmo + vara]

bracalão [bracalões] From the Siamese boromo, 'royal preeminent' and kromo, 'minister'. Mendes Pinto uses this word with relation to Siam and China in the sense of a 'high dignatary' or 'minister' or 'counsellor of state'. ([FMP] chaps. 105-107, 184) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

brala [bralas] Probably derived from the Malay barahla or brahla, meaning an 'idol'. According to Yule and Burnell, this is a term frequently applied by the early Portuguese writ ers to the pagodas of Indochina and China. ([FMP] chaps. 64, 148, 151, 162, 164, 167-168, 184) [See: varela]

brincado Ornamented.

· brocal {arch.} [brocais] Possibly meaning a 'reinforcing ring' sometimes placed at the mouth of heavy artillery cannons. [Text 15, note 10]

broquem [brokens] From the Japanese buraku, mean ing 'province'. A Japanese Governor. It is used in chapter 130in the sense of 'captain of the palace guard', but in chapters 139-143 it is used as the title of the Governor of the Ryukyu Islands. ([FMP] chaps.130, 139-143) [See: bonze or bonzo + goxo + groxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém + yacata]

bugyo [bugyos] A Japanese term meaning 'a magistrate'. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + catana + daimyō + fosse + kago or norimono + Kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kago + roju + shōgun + tono]

buques = bugis [Eng.] The warlike race inhabiting the southern part of the Island of Celebes.

· Burnei = "Borneo" or "Burney" [Eng.] Applicable during the sixteenth century to both Brunei & the Sultanate in the north of the Island of Borneo & or to the whole island as such. [Text 1, note 36]

C

cabaia [cabaias] From the Arabic qaba or caba, meaning a 'vesture'. A surcoat or long tunic of muslin, one of the most common native garnments of the better classes in India. ([FMP] chaps. 6, 8, 53)

cabisondo [cabisondos], cabizonda [cabizondas] or capisondo [capisondos] Mendes Pinto uses this word with three different meanings, each of them with reference to China and Indochina: (a) in chapter 49 as a 'high ranking customs official'; (b) in chapters 111,112, 165, 166, 168, 196 as 'high-ranking Buddhist priest'; (c) in chapter 184 as a 'flagship' or 'lead vessel'. ([FMP] chaps. 49, 111-112, 165-166, 168, 184, 196 [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyna or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

· cacho =“catechu” [Eng.] The pale yellow gum of the Acacia catechu, used in the composition of 'betel', a chewing mixture of pounced areca-nuts, lime, oyster powder and other aromatic substances roled in a betel leaf, with stimulating and astrigent properties much appreciated in the Far East. [Text 1, note 37 + See: areca, bétele]

caciz From the Arabic kashish, meaning a 'Catholic priest'. Strangely enough, the term is frequently employed by old Catholic writers on Eastern subjects as if it were the special title of a Mohammedan theologian, when, in reality, it is the special and technical title of a Catholic priest. ([FMP]chaps. 5-6, 13, 27, 31, 50-51, 59, 178) [See: qasis]

cadi [cadis] or candil [candis] A weight used in south ern India, corresponding roughly to the Arabian bahar, equivalent to approximately twenty maunds.

cagnitoc [cagnitocs] According to Martín de Rada the terms stands for a "lieutenant", in China.

· caixa {arch.} [caixas] = "cash" [Eng.] A coin of very low value with a hole in the centre which enabled them to be strung in bundles. [Text 1, note 43 + See: • ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + • maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael + • xerafim]

◆ caixa or cash "A Chinese coin originally of copper, and later of increasingly base metal. 10 cash went to the conderin, 100 to the mace, and 1,000 to the (silver) tael, in money of account. The Japanese equivalent to the (silver) tael, in money of account. The Japanese equivalent was the rin. The Portuguese equivalent was given as from half to one ceitil which was the sixth of a real or reis [reais] (q. v.)" [See: conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de àocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais}(Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

cajane [cajanes] Matting made of straw and other similar material, in China.

Caladigão From the Chinese Ta-li-sx'-king, meaning a 'high tribunal', in China. ([FMP] chap. 103)

caldeirão [caldeirões] A fund built up from taxes collected or merchandise exported from Macao in the olden days.

· Calemplui {arch.} = "Calempuy" [Eng.] A mysterious region of Asia which some historians have identified as Korea. Also "an island never identified with certainty but vaguely placed in Korea." [Text 22, notes <5> 6 [CATZ, p.572], 26]

caloete or caluete From the Tamil-Malay kaluvirri (pronounce kaluvitti), kalu meaning 'punishment stake', and luvirri 'to impale'. The punishment of impalement, in Dravidic India. However Mendes Pinto applies this word to Malaysia. ([FMP] caps. 155, 177, 179)

camaruz [camaruzes] An edible fragant root much liked by the musk-deer.

· Cambara, Poquym, Paquim, Peqim {arch} or Pequim ="Cambalu", "Cambaluc", "Cambalech", or "Peking" [Eng.]; Beizhili and Beijing [Chin.] The name of 'Beijing' (i. e., 'northern capital') was first used in 1403 by the Ming Emperor Yongle, who moved his Court thither in 1420. [Text 1note 3 + See: Text 5, note 21 + Text 12 {4} + Text 17, note 8 + Text 18, notes 11, 13]

canaa [canaas] A wild fruit with which the Chinese stuff olives.

■ canada [canadas] A Portuguese measure for liquids containing four quartilhos (one-twelfth almud), or three English pints. "[...] they made an agreement whereby he became tributary to him for [...] a ganta of rubies, which is a measure of capacity similar to the canada, as a present for his wife [...]. " ([FMP] chap.157) [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

◆ canada "Portuguese measure for liquids containing 4 quartilhos (11/2 almude), or 3 English pints." [See: almude + alqueire + candil + koku + quartilho or quartillo + fun, ton or shipping ton]

candaqui [candaquis] A cotton textile with a particular tint and lustre, among other characteristics. Similar to lanquin and sin. (fol. 82) [See: lanquin + sin]

· candil [candis] {arch.} = ("candil" [singular] "candis" [plural]) [Eng.] A unit of liquid volume which varied between two-hundred eighteen and two-hundred and forty five litres. [Text 25, note 33 + See: • baar + • cate + • li + • maz + •pico or piquo + • pom + • pu + • tael]

◆ candil "An Indo-Portuguese weight, usually corresponding to about 500 arrateis or Portuguese pounds, but sometimes used as equivalent to the bahar." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme +kin + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. +pound + quintal or kinfal + ryõ + tael + tanga]

◆ candil "Indo-Portuguese measure equivalent to 20 alqueires, or 10 almudes. Half a tun." [See: almude +alqueire + canada + koku + quartilho or quartillo + tun, ton or shipping ton]

■ candim [candins] or candil [candins] An Indo-Portuguese weight, corresponding roughly to about five hundred pounds, but varying much in different localities.” [...] the Calaminham kept a huge store of treasure [...] mainly in the form of silver of about six-hundred thousand candins' weight, which is twenty-four thousand quintals by our standard of measures [...]." ([FMP] chap. 158) [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

candol [candoles] A fat and green kind of pumpkin. (fol. 78)

canga [cangas] According to Álvaro Semedo the terms stands for a "unit of measurement equivalent to fifteen braces."

canga [cangas] = ganga[s] [Eng.] A heavy, durable cotton cloth, principally of Chinese origin.

canja [canjas] Adriano de Ias Cortes specifies it being a particular variety of rice but in fact is rice cooked in a special way. (fol. 10)

Canom The Bodhisattva Kuan-yin (Chinese) or Kwannon (Japanese), oftern called in Western books of China, the "Goddess of Merey." ([FMP] caps. 107, 211-212)

· Cantam (ilhas de) [singular (Cantam (ilha de))] or Cantão (ilhas de) [singular (Cantão (ilha de))] = "Ilha[s] de Cantam" or "Cantão (island[s] of" [Eng.] The first maps to record the name of Cantam are, however, those of Ribeiro of 1527 and 1529. It was thought until recently that the voy age of Jorge Álvares in a junk to the Canton River [i. e., Zhujian (Pearl River)], the first Portuguese visit to China, was in 1514. There are, however, several documents showing categorically that Álvares voyage took place in 1513. Ilhas de Cantam and ilhas da Veniaga, which include [Pulo] Tumon, appear for the first time in L. Homem's map of 1554. [Text 1, notes {11}, 9 + Text 11, note 14 + See: • Coanchefu, Catam or Cantão + • Pulo Tumon, Tumon, Tamão, Tamon, Timon or Veniaga (ilhas da) + • Quantom, Coantum or Cantão + •Veniaga (ilhas da)]

cantoc [cantocs] According to Martín de Rada the terms stands for a "lieutenant". [See: cagnitoc]

· capacete vermelho [capacetes vermelhos] or barrete vermelho [barretes vermelhos] = "red cap[s]" or "red barret[s]" An appellation given to criminals who, for one reason or another, were forced to military service in the [remotely harsh] border regions of the Chinese Empire. [Text 11, note 38]

capher [capheres] or cafre [cafres] = cafre[s] or negro[es] [Eng.] Negro. The term applied to negroes of all types and not to kaffirs alone.

caphila [caphilas] = kãfila [Arab.] A caravan or convoy of small cargo ships.

· carão {arch.} [carões] = carãm or Caram [Span.]; "caram " [Eng.] A pearl oyster.” Is it the name of the shoal or the kind of rock? [...] It would appear therefore to be the name of the stone. It can scarsely be a mistake for 'murran' [Hind.], meaning 'gravely soil'." [Text 27, notes {4}, 2]

■ cash [cash] A Chinese coin originally of copper, and later on increasingly base metal. Ten cash went to the conderin, one-hundred to the mace, and one-thousand to the (silver) tael, in money of account. The Portuguese equivalent was given as half to one ceitil, which was the sixth of a real or réis [reais]. “ [...] they asked him to pay 100,000 cash for the privilige, a sum equal to six-hundred cruzados [...]." ([FMP] chap. 208). See also chapter 109. [See: alcá + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + mace, mas ormaz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + ■ tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

◆ cash or caixa "10 cash made 1 conderin, 100 cash made 1 mace, 1,000 cash made a tael of weight, as well as of money of account." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + mal + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + fael + tanga]

catana [catanas] = cotan[s] or sword[s] [Eng.] A word derived from the Japanese (刀) and much used by the Portuguese. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + datmyō + fosse + kago or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kago + roju + shõgun + tono]

· cate [cates] = kati [Malay], ("catty" [singular] / "catties" [plural]) [Eng.] A measure of weight current in Malacca (presently Melaka) during the sixteenth century which varied between six-hundred grams and one kilogram. [Text 1, note 42+ See: • baar + • candil + • li + • maz + • pico or piquo + • pom + • pu + • tael]

■ catty [catties] or cáte [cátes] A variable unit of weight introduced from China into the Malay Archipelago. Though it varied greatly in different parts of the East, the usual English equivalent is given as one and one-third pounds, with one hundred catties going to the picul. “ [...] twenty-thousand catties of these skins had been traded; and with sixty skins to the catty [...] the total number of skins traded amounted to l, 2000,000 [...]." ([FMP] chap. 73). See also chapters 18, 165, 206. [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + canada + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical\

◆ catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. "The catty varied greatly, but the usual English equivalent is given as l 1/3 lb., 100 catties going to the picul. Richard Cocks noted that <<43 lb. English was 33 catties in Japan>>, but this was an over-simplification. João Rodrigues, lists various Japanese catties ranging from 16to 50 taels each, which were used for weighing various commodities such as tea, silk, cotton, etc. He adds, however, that although the most common Far Eastem catty was the equivalent of 16 taels, or 20 arrateis, or kin, the catty chiefly used by the Portuguese traders at Nagasaki was the so-called cate dachem, or hand-steelyard catty, of 15 taels weight. Peter Mundy notices two different catties in use in Macao in 1637, one of 16 taels or 20 1/2 ounces <>, the other catty containing 18 taels (about 23 ounces), <> As these three principal Sino-Japanese catties weighed 15, 16, and 18 taels respectivelly, it is no wonder that disputes over short weight and wrong values were frequent at Macao, Nagasaki and Canton [Guangzhou]." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + r yō + tael + tanga]

· Cauchim {arch.} = "Cauchim" [Eng.]; Tonkin [Chin.] the Gulf of that name in northeast Indochina, [Text 4, notes {9}, 4 + See: Champa + lunquin] ceitil {arch.} [ceitis] = "ceitit' [singular] [Eng.] A sixteenth century low value Portuguese coin. [Text 1, note 43 + See: •caixa + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + • maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • fael + • xerafim]

· ceiui [ceiuis] orceui [ceuis] = "Yussi" [Eng.]; yushi [Chin.] An official censor invested with the duties of an Imperial itinerant commissioner, in China. [Text 1, note 33 +Text 9, note 22 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau +• conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or l loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

· chaa [chaas], chia [chias] = chia [Span.]; "tea[s]" [Eng.]; cha [Chin.] Notwithstanding previous narratives of Portuguese visitors to Japan having already mentioned this typical Oriental beverage, João de Escobar is the first to directly incorporate its Chinese terminology. A few years later, in 1569-1570, Gaspar da Cruz would write of "[...] a tepid water which they call chá (tea) [...]." [Text 10, note 25 + Text 21, note 6 + Text 25, note {38}]

chaban [chabanes] A viscous and lustrous moisturising liquid. (folio 124)

· chaém [chaéns] = "Chaene[s] ", "Chaem[s] " or "Chaḽ" [Eng.]; Cham-jan [Guangdong.] or chayuan [Chin.] An itinerant Imperial censor invested with the functions of Imperial commissioner, during his obligatory yearly inspection rounds to a number of the Empire's provinces. [Text 8, note 22+ Text 11, note 32 + Text 22, note 18 + Text 26, note {25} + Text 27, note 30 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo ]

chaem [chaens] From the Chinese ch'a-yuan, an abbreviation of tu-ch 'a-yuan, the Censorate or Court, in Beijing. It is applied to the censors or Imperial commissioners who toured the provinces of China in various capacities. ([FMP]chaps. 45, 52, 68, 84-86, 88-90, 95, 98, 100-103, 105-108, 111, 114-115, 117, 125, 221-222) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chifu + chumbim + concnaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + monoiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

chaen According to Charles Ralph Boxer this spelling derives from "tu-ch 'a-yüan " which he defines as "the Censorate or Court of censors at the capital. [Beijing]" Gaspar da Cruz [See: Text 11] spelling is "chae" whom Charles Ralph Boxer defines as "Censor derived here from 'ch 'a-yuan', the Censorate in general." According to Adriano de Ias Cortes the terms stands for the "Visitor of all mandarins." (fol. 118vo)Other authors spelling of this same term is "leachis " or "leuchis ". [See: leachi]

· Champa {arch.} = "Champa" [Eng.] An ancient coastal kingdom situated in eastem Indochina taking up territory inside present day Vietnam. [Text 1, note 15 + Text 5, note 7 +See: • Cauchim + • lunquin]

· champa {arch.} [champas] = "champas" [Eng.] The natives of the kingdom of Champa. [Text 27, notes {30}, 36]

· chanchifu [chanchifus], Chãchifu [Chãchifus] or chifu [chifus] = "chih-fu[s] ", "chancheufu[s]" or "Chãchifu[s]"[Eng.]; Chang-chou-fu-chih or zhangzhoufu [Chin.] (Lit.: the 'audience room of a town hall'): but in this context could possibly make reference to a 'civil servant' of a 'prefecture' or a 'prefect', in China. [Text 11, notes {56}, 49]

· Chancheu {arch.} = "Chamcheo " or "Chang-chou" [Eng.]= Zhangzhou [Chin.] the coastal city of this name, in Fujian province. [Text 1, note 28 + See: • Chincheu]

chandeu [chandeus] or chandeuhó [chandeuhós] From the Chinese chin-hu (there is no 'd' in Chinese), meaning a 'fair' or 'bazaar'. ([FMP] chaps. 98, 165)

Chanfacau Or Chang-hai-koan, which is actually the name of one of the fortified gates of the Great Wall, on the east side. ([FMP] chap. 95)

◆ chang "Chinese measure equal to 141 English inches."[See: braça + covado, covado or covid + palmo + vara}

chanipatão [chanipatões] From the Chinese chau-moting, meaning 'stamp' or 'seal'. ([FMP] chap.108)

chapa [chapas] A currency unit, one-hundred and fifty of which make a real. The Portuguese spelling of this term is 'caixa', (fol. 33)

chapa [chapas] = choppe[s] [Eng.] Originally, a 'seal impression'. It came in time to refer to the Chinese document 'chopped' with the seal of a Chinese oficial.

· charachina = "chaxa (?) china" [Span.]; "after the manner of China" [Eng.] Meaning 'ao modo da China' ('on the Chinese way'). [Text 22, note 20 + Text 23, note 18]

charachina From the Malay chara, meaning 'mode' or 'manner'; hence, 'in the manner of the Chinese'. Mendes Pinto also uses the term "chara-japão", meaning 'in the manner of Japan'. ([FMP] chaps. 40, 47-48, 50, 62, 68-69, 77, 105, 119,201)

charamela [charamelas] = sham[s] or reed pipes[s] [Eng.] An ancient type of wind instrument.

charana [charanas] From the Malay charana, meaning 'foot'. Deep dish or tray on a pedestal, used in India especially for 'betel'. ([FMP] chap. 182)

chauhainha [chaubainhas] Saw binnya, meaning 'Lord of Wisdom', was the title of the Governor or Viceroy of Martaban, who held his position under the King of Pegu, capital of the Talaings or Mons. ([FMP] cnaps. 144, 146-154, 171) [See: bainhá + barnagais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá. nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

chautar [chautares] Or 'chudder' as the English called it, from the Hindi chadar. A sheet, or square piece of cloth of any kind; also, the ample sheet commonly wom as a mantle by the women of northem India. ([FMP] chap. 168)

chaveca [chavecas] Mendes Pinto seems to employ this term as a division of both the lunar day and month. ([FMP]chaps. 142, 165)

Chenchicogim [Chenchicogins], Chenchicogi [Chenchicogis] or Chenchico [Chenchicos] From the Japanese tenjiku, meaning 'lndia', and jin, meaning 'individual' or 'individuais'; hence, 'man/men from India', since the Japanese does not distinguish between singular and plural. It was applied to the Portuguese who came to Japan via India. ([FMP] chaps. 133-135, 209, 211, 218, 223, 225)

· cheno [chenos] = "cheno [s]" [Eng.]; cheng [Chin.] Meaning in this context a 'market town'. [Text 4, note 9]

· cheu = "cheu" or "zhou" [Eng.] = zhou [Chin.] A Chinese county dependant on a fu, as well as its main settlement. Chinese contemporary sources generally gave the following figures at the end of the Ming dynasty: 159 fu (districts), 240 zhou (counties) and 1144 xian (municipalities), numbers which roughly coincide with these. [Text 9, note 16 + Text 18, notes 16, 20 + See: • fu]

cheu [cheus] According to González de Mendoza the term stands for a 'city'. [See: chou]

· Chian-mai = "Chamay", "Chiang Mai", "Chieng Mai" [Eng.] An old kingdom in Indochina, later incorporated into the kingdom of Burma (presently Myanmar). "Province of northwest Thailand and name of capital city located eighty miles east of the Burma border." [Text 22, notes <5> 4 [CATZ, p.572], 25 + See: • Ava + • Pegu]

chicon [chicones] A lay brother member of the third order of St. Francis. (fols. 41vo, 42)

chicueye [chicuyes] Fruits edible after dried. According to Adriano de las Cortes they are" [...] as good as, if not better, than our figs." (fol. 77)

· chifu or chinfu = "Chifu" or "Chinfu " [Eng.]; zhifu [Chin.] The mayor of a Chinese town. [Text 11, note 48 + Text 15, note 13 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + vcolao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

chifanga [chifangas] Mendes Pinto uses this word for 'prison', which according to Rodolfo Dalgado is kien-lau, in Chinese. However, he suggests possible derivations from chifan, "govemment bureau or department", tse-fan, "customs duties", or chah-fang, "guard house". ([FMP] chaps. 63, 65)

chifu [chifus] Or chih-fu, the title of the mandarin governing the largest of the provincial subdivisions in China; a 'prefect', in China. ([FMP] chaps. 47, 87-91, 96-97, 100, 103, 110) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

chileu [chileus] Rodolfo Dalgado believes that this word comes from the Tonkinese kinh luoc, which is pronounced 'kileu'. A "commanding officer and govemor of a province",in China. ([FMP] chap. 47)

· Chincheu, Chinchéu or Chymcheo, Ochian, Foquiem {arch.} = Chincheo or Ochian [Span.]; "Chincheo", "Fo Kien" or "Fukien" [Eng.]; Fukien or Fujian [Chin.] Meaning in this context the coast of the province of Fujian; the region of Xiamen Bay (Bay of Amoy) near the city of Zhangzhou; or sometimes more specifically, the city of Zhangzhou. Although the Portuguese frequently visited "Chincheu" since 1530 they never founded a permanent factory, settling in provisional encampments in a variety of different deserted islands located along the coast. [Text 5, note 17 + Text 10, note 3 + Text 11, notes {29}, 13, 21, 22, 34 + Text 15, note 6, Text 16, notes 6, 9 + Text 17, note 8 + Text 18, note 11 + Text 27, note 11]

· chincheu {arch.} [chincheus] =[chincheo[s]] [Span.]; "Chincheo[s]" [Eng.] The inhabitants of "Chincheu" or Fujian province. [Text 25, note 10]

· Chióy, Ochióy or Ochiói = "Qiaoya" or "Ocoioy" [Eng.]; Kia-Yu-Kuan, Jiayu or Jiayuguan [Chin.] A Chinese town and pass in the westem end of the 'Ming Great Wall'- in the province of Gansu - which, during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), extended to the east until the Gulf of Zhili. At this town was situated the Customs Barrier which controlled the trade of the overiand route. Previous unconnected sections of the later-called 'Great Wall' of China were first systematically extended and reinforced by the Emperor Huangdi" (r. 221 -206 BC) of the Qin dynasty in a continuous stretch 1,255 miles long - or 1,500 including winding portions - (i. e., 5,000 kilometres long), the socalled 'Ten-thousand li Long Wall'. It runs from the actual province of Gansu to the Bohai Gulf (that is, it would reach from Naples to Portugal. It is called in Chinese 'Wanli Changcheng' ('Myriad mile Wall')[Text 9, notes 7, 8 + Text 13, note 6 + Text 17, notes 3, 4 + Text 9, note 7 + Text 18, note 14, Text 25, note {29} + Text 26, note {20}+ Text 27, notes 23, 25, 28, 29, 31]

chircá [chircás] Mendes Pinto uses this term as a title in the sense of a 'high court justice' in Pegu. However Rodolfo Dalgado points out, the Burmese sit-kai, from which it is probably derived, meaning "lieutenant". ([FMP] chaps. 150, 191, 192, 198)

chisangué [chisangués] Rodolfo Dalgado believes that this word is derived from the Sanskrit crisanghi, meaning "venerable chief of the monastery". ([FMP] chap.126) [See: bico + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

chomcan [chomcanes] The governor of a penitentiary, in China.

cho [chos] = choa[s] [Eng.]; tso (艚) [Chin.] A junk of the type used in Cochin-China and south China waters. [See: almadia + ballão + fusta + lantea + manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma + wankan]

chorão [chorões] Lacquered objects, very popular in old Macao trade.

chou [chous] According to Charles Boxer the term stands for a "governmental administration pertaining to territorial division", in China. [See: cheu]

christão-novo [christãos-novos] or cristão novo [cristãos novos] = New Christian[s] [Eng.] Jews who were constrained to become Christians during the anti-Jewish persecutions in Portugal and Spain.

chumbim [chumbins] Initially, Rodolfo Dalgado attributes the same meaning to this word as does Mendes Pinto, i. e., "a magistrate or judge" in China and gives hing-ming as the etymology of the word. But in the supplement to his Glossário he quotes the French sinologue Paul Pelliot, who gives tsong-ping as the etymology. However, Armando Cortesão, in discussing the meanings of various Chinese words used by the old Portuguese writers, injects a word of caution when he writes, "The question as to what Chinese expressions are meant by these old Portuguese versions has been a matter of controversy and it is still not quite settled." ([FMP] chaps. 84-88, 100, 103, 105, 106, 108, 114-115, 142, 221)[See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

· cinfu = "Cinfú" [Eng.]; jinshi [Chin.] One of the three increasingly difficult official Imperial examinations, comparable, in a basic way, to the present Western degree of Doctorate or Doctor of Philosophy. [Text 6, note 6 + Text 10, note 26 + Text 26, note 2 + See: • kiugin + • sieucai]

· Cita {arch.} [Citas] = "Scythian[s] " [Eng.] according to classical Geography, the Massagetes and Scythians inhabited the lands between the Black Sea and the Aral Sea. [Text 21, note 2 + See: • Masságetas]

· Cítia {arch.} = "Scythia" [Eng.] According to Herodotus (^oca484-†ca425AC) classical Scythia occupied a territory north of the Black Sea, from the mouth of the River Danube to the Sea of Azov. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries this placename was used in the Geographical literature of Europe to mean the innermost regions of Central Asia, many of whose peoples followed the religion of Islam. [Text 21, note 15]

· Coanchefu, Catam {arch.} or Cantão = "Canton" or "Guangzhou" [Eng.]; Guangzhou [Chin.] Since their first contacts with China in 1513, the Portuguese called the city of Guangzhou, 'Cantão' ('Canton') confusing the name of the city with the name of the province where is was situated. This mistake ended up becoming the norm, influencing other European languages later. This appears to be the first written account pointing out the mistake. [Text 1, note 23 + Text 14, notes 2, 3 + Text 9, note 36 + Text 15, note 5 + Text 18, note 18+ See: • Cantam (ilhas de) or Cantão (ilhas de) + • Quantom, Coantum or Cantão + • Pulo Tumon, Tumon, Tamão, Tamon, Timon or Veniaga (ilhas da) + • Veniaga (ilhas da)]

· Cochinocho {arch.} = "Kuchinotsu" [Eng.] A coastal settlement in Japan. [Text 14, note 22]

cogcong [cogconges] The highest dignatary immediately under the Emperor. According to Adriano de Ias Cortes "[...] like the members of the Golden Fleece in our Spain." (fol. 144)

cogontoc [cogontoces] According to Martín de Rada the term stands for the "Chancellor of the Exchequer".

coje From the Persian (presently Iran) khwajah, a respectful title applied to various classes, as in India especially to eunuchs; in Persia, to wealthy merchants; in Turkistan, to persons of sacred families. ([FMP] chaps. 6, 19, 35, 37, 41-42, 50, 52-53, 57-63, 69, 173, 185) [See: khoja].

· colao [colaos] or colau [colaus] = "Colao " [Eng.]; gelao [Chin.] The 'First Secretary of State', in China. There wee six gelao each being a president of one of the liubu (Six Tribunals), the supreme legislative entities of the Empire which acted under direct orders from the Sovereign. [Text 15, note 24 + Text 26, note 26 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo ]

colao [colaos] High ranking mandarins invested with the functions of Royal Counsellors which "attend and safeguard the interests of the kingdom." (fol. 144) Matteo Ricci states in his letters that they are "[...] men of the King's [i. e., Emperor] Council [...]" and call them "calaos".

· colubrina {arch.} [colubrinas] = "culverin[s]" [Eng.] An early form of cannon of great length, generally an 18-pounder, weighting 50 cwt. [Text 26, note 18 + See: • berço +• esmeril + • falcão + • falcão pedreiro + • pedreiro + • sagres + • saligue + • trabuco]

comenda [comendas] = commadry [commandries] [Eng.]Commandership in the Portuguese orders of knighthood.

comon [comones] A Viceroy. The supreme and highest magistrate of each Chinese province, acting on behalf of the Emperor.

· compin [compins], chumbim [chumbins] or chumpim [chum[ins] = "Champin[s]", "Chumpim [s] " or "chong-bing " [Eng.]; zongbing [Chin.] The commander of a province's armed forces, in China. [Text 7, note 32 + Text 9, note 19 + Text 10, note 13 + Text 15, note 7 + Text 26, note {25} + + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + chifu or chinfu + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu +• tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

conchaci [conchacis] or conchacy A criminal judge or magistrate, in China. ([FMP] chaps. 86, 105) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchala + concbalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

conchala [conchalas] An appellate court judge, in China. ([FMP] chaps. 103, 106) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + rutão + upo + xipatom]

conchalim [conchalins] or conchaly An inspector of weights and measures; chancellor, or appellate court judge, in China. High-ranking dignitary, in Siam (presently Thailand). ([FMP] chaps. 86, 97, 100-101, 103, 182) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or artao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + fansu + rurão + upo + xipatom]

■ conderin [conderins], canderin [canderins] or candareen [candreeens] Chinese money of account, valued at onetenth of a mace, or one-hundredth of the silver tael, which contained ten cash. The term conderin was formerly applied to the hundredth of the Chinese ounce of weight, commonly called by the Malay name of tahil or tael. "They have neither silver nor gold coins because all trade is carried on by means of measures of weights, such as catties, taels, maces, and conderins." ([FMP] chap. 165) [See: alcá + casn + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + mace, mas ormaz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + feston + turma + vintém]

◆ conderin, candarin, candareen, etc. "Chinese money of account valued at 1/10 of a mace, an 1/100 of the silver tael. It contained 10 cash. João Rodrigues, gives the Japanese equivalent as l bun, and the Portuguese as 4 réis [reais] in 1604." [See: caixa (cash) + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold)+ pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of elght) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stulvers or stiver + fael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

◆ conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. "Ten cash = 1conderin; 10 conderines = 1 mace; 100 conderines = 1 tael-of-eight, as well as money of account." [See: arratel + arroba + banar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

condin [condins] A unit of currency equivalent to six and a half maravedis. (fol. 34)

conglong [conglonges] According to Adriano de Ias Cortes an alternative term for 'colaos' and used among those of this rank, and which he now defines as "supreme mandarins immediately under the King [i. e., Emperor]." (fol. 163)

· Conhãpuça = "Cohãpuça" [Eng.]; Guanyin pusa [Chin.] Avalokitesvara (Our Lady of Misericordy), a great divinity of Buddhism widely venerated in China in the sixteenth century. [Text 7, note 8]

· conquão [conquões] = "conggnan" [Eng.]; zongguan [Chin.] The exchequer of a province, in China [Text 7, note 31 + Text 9, note 18 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + cnifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chnumpim + • colao or colau + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

conquiai [conquiais] Administrative dignatary, in China. ([FMP] chap. 107) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tufão + upo + xipatom]

continão [continões] According to Rodolfo Delgado, probably derived from the Chinese kwa-ti-nien, meaning "prosecutor". ([FMP] chap. 103) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipafom]

■ conto [contos] In the sixteenth century, the Portuguese term for a 'million'. Today, meaning a 'thousand Escudos'. "[...] whose property he had confiscated, thus enriching his treasury by two contos of gold." ([FMP] chap. 19) [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + mace, mas ormaz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

· coraçon {arch.} [coraçones] = coraçones [Span.]; "Corazan[es]" or "Corocon[es]" [Eng.] The natives of Corazan, a province of sixteenth century Persia (presently Iran). [Text 27, notes {30}, 35]

· corselete {arch.} [corseletes] = "corselet" [Eng.] A modified corset of leather or steel, worn to protect the chest. [Text 7, note 18 + Text 15, note 11]

◆ covado, covad or covid "The Portuguese cubit; 3/4 of a yard; the Flemish ell. Also used for the Chinese foot measure of 10 inches & 14.1 inches English. Likewise reckoned as three palmos or spans, but its application varies widely in the East." [See: braça + chang + palmo + vara]

■ cruzado [cruzados] A Portuguese gold coin whose value was fixed at four-hundred reais in 1517, but which was mainly used in the Orient as money of account. It is nominally translated as ducat and roughly equivalent to 'a piece of eight'. "[...] which the poor merchants [...] valued at fortythousand cruzados." ([FMP] chap.1; used liberally throughout the book). [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + lacasa or taquesá + mace, mas ormaz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + tesfon + turma + vintém]

◆ cruzado "A Portuguese gold coin whose value was fixed at 400 reis [reais] in 151.7, but which was mainly used in the East as money of account. As such, it was often equated with the silver peso or rial-of-eight (q. v.), and its value in English estimated at about 4 shillings. António Nunes, (1544) gave its current value in China as 5 silver tangas, and João Rodrigues, reckoned it equivalent to one Chinese silver tael or to 10 Japanese silver momme. Peter Mundy noted that the gold cruzado was worth 12 xerafines at Goa in 1637. The Portuguese expression 'um conto de ouro', meant 'a million cruzados', but was often a mere figure of speech." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver)+ pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de á ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de á ocho reales, peso de plafa, <duro>> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

cruzado [cruzados] = ryall[s]-of-eight or real[s]-of-eight [Eng.] The well known coin used by the Portuguese in their days of trade. A term which came into prominence by the seizures made by English and other pirates in the Spanish Main. [See: pataca]

cuchimiocó [cuchimiocós], cuchimiacó [cuchimiacós] or cochumiaco [cochumiacos] From the Japanese kuchi and myokuan. Mendes Pinto uses the word in the sense of 'letter of exchange' or 'passport to Heaven', which Francis Xavier described in the following manner: "The Japanese bonzes preached that the individuals who gave money to the bonzes in this life would receive tenfold for this in the other life, and in the same coin, so that they might take care of their needs in that world. The bonzes gave them a receipt which they had buried with them when they died so that they could scare the devil away." (Schurhammer, Francis Xavier, 4: 443) ([FMP]chaps. 114, 210, 212)

cum [cumes] Soldiers native to the city were they serve.

A post inherited from father to son.

D

daimyō [daymiōs] A suzerain of old Japan. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + fosse + kago or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kago + roju + shōgun + tono]

dato [datos] A prelate in Malacca, derived from the Malayan term datok, meaning a 'headman' or 'foreman'.([FMP] chaps. 6, 31) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nautlcor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

die A unit of measurement.

discursão [discursões] Used in Marques Moreira's Relation {MOREIRA, D. Joam Marques, Relação da magestosa, misteriosa e notavel acclamação, que se fez a Magestade d 'El Rey Dom Joam o IV nosso Senhor na Cidade do Nome de Deos, do grande Imperio da China, e festas, que se fizerão nelles os Senhores do Governo publico, e outras pessoas particulares, Lisboa, Officina de Domingos Lopes Roza, 1644}, meaning 'observe'.

diusa A corruption of the Japanese dai, 'big', 'great',and uso, 'lie'. ([FMP] chap.213)

dopo [dopos] According to Rodolfo Dalgado this word is derived from the Burmese tat or dat, meaning "fortress". ([FMP]chaps. 118, 120-121, 149, 168)

◆ ducat "William Barrett stated that the ducat (an Italian coin) was worth 91/2 tangas of <> at Goa in 1584, whereas the rial-of-eight and the cruzado were worth 61/3 tangas. As a rule, however, the ducat was mainly employed by Italian and other European travellers in Asia to designate loosely the Portuguese cruzado, the silver tael, or the Spanish rial-of-eight. As money of account in Spain the accepted value of the ducat was 375 maravedis." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de á ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

E

escorcenea [escorceneas] A Chinese fruit exported as comfiture.

· esmeril {arch.} [esmeris] = ("esmeril" [singular]"esmeris " [plural]) [Eng.] Ancient artillery weapon similar to a musket. [Text 15, note 9 + See: • berço + • ceitil + •colubrina + • falcão + • falcão pedreiro + • pedreiro + • sagres + • saligue + • trabuco]

· esquife {arch.} [esquifes] = "skiff[s]" [Eng.] Small rowing vessel used to shuttle from ships of bigger tonnage. [Text 20, note 9 + See: • balão or ballão + • bancão + • junco + • manchua + • patacho]

F

facharão [facharões] Rodolfo Dalgado suggests a derivation from the Japanese hoyu-tsure (Intitial 'f' for 'h' is normal in the Portuguese transcription.) "companion or colleague". ([FMP] chap. 134)

faje [fajes] According to Pablo Pastells making reference to letters by Michele Ruggieri and Francesco Pasio, the term stands for "Chinese eating chopsticks".

· falcão {arch.} [falcões] = "falcon" [•.] A contemporary small cannon. [Text 25, notes, 19, 28 + See: • berço + • ceitil + • colubrina + • esmeril + • falcão pedreiro + • pedreiro + •sagres + • saligue + • trabuco]

· falcão pedreiro {arch.} [falcões pedreiros] = ("falcão pedreiro " [singular] "falcões pedreiros " [plural]) [•.] A contemporary small cannon able to throw stone balls. [Text 10, note 9 + See: • berço + • ceitil + • colubrina + • esmeril + •falcão + • pedreiro + • sagres + • saligue + • trabuco]

· fancui [fancuis] = "Fanqui[s] ", "Fan-kuei[s] ", "Fankwei [s] " or "Fancui[s]" [•.]; faan-kwai [Guangdong.] or fangui [zi] [Chin.] (Lit.: 'foreign devils' or'Barbarian people'). [Text 11, note 5]

· fanes [singular (fane)?] = "supervisor[s]" [•,.]; fanguizi [Chin] (Lit.: 'foreign devils'). A probable translation of the Chinese. [Text 11, note {3} + Text 23, note 19]

· fangim [fangins] = "Fan-jên[s] " or [singular ("Fangim")plural "Fangins"] [•.]; faan-yân [Guangdong.] yangren [Chin.] (Lit.: 'overseas people' or'Barbarian[s]'). [Text 11, notes {4}, 6]

faraz [farazes], farash [farashes], ferah [ferahs] or frash [frashes] From the Arabic farrash (farsh literally'to spread a carpet'). The farazes were menial servants, whose proper business it was to spread carpets, pitch tents, etc., and, in a house, to do housemaid's work. ([FMP] chap. 173)

fatoqui [fatoquis] or fatoquin [fatoquins] A corruption of the Japanese hotoke[s], meaning'Buddist god[s]' ([FMP]chaps. 211-212)

· fen, fên or fom = "foo" or "fen" or "fun" [•.]; fen [Chin.] An old Chinese currency coin equivalent to onehundredth of a tael or a Chinese ounce of silver. Also called candareen, from the Malay kondrin. The subjective unit of measurement mentioned by the author does not comply with other sources by Portuguese sixteenth century chroniclers. [Text 1, note 42 + Text 11, notes {69}, 54 + See: • caixa + • ceitil + • fuseleira + • maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale +• tael + • xerafim]

ferucua [ferucuas] Roberto Dalgado writes that, "[...]if the word is really Chinese, it must come from pwan-swekwan, 'judge', or from kwan-fu, 'magistrate', with a transposition of terms." ([FMP] chap. 85) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumblm + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

fiambra [fiambros] A six wheeled carriage ([FMP] chap. 130)

· Firando {arch.} = "Hirado" [•.] A coastal settlement in Japan. [Text 14, note 22]

firmaun [firmauns] From the Persian farman, an'order',' patent' or'passport' issued by high-ranking Mussulmen of the East. ([FMP] chaps. 119, 183)

◆ florin or guilder "Dutch money was not usually current in the Far East, but as the Dutch kept their accounts in florins (or gulden), it can be described as money of account. The guilder contained 20 stuivers, and up to 1636, the silver tael was valued at 3 guilders 2 1/2 stuivers, and in 1637-1640 at 2 guilders 17 stuivers. The rial-of-eight was usually converted at about 2 guilders 10 stuivers. The sign 'f.' or 'fl.' is used here to denote florins (guilders). <> in Dutch accounts meant 100,000 guilders' worth of anything." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or s stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

fosse [fosses] = moat[s] or [spring[s] [•.] It came to possess terrible significance by reason of the tortures committed by the Japanese during the anti-Catholic persecutions at the hot-water springs. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + kago or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kago + roju + shōgun + tono]

foy[s] A unit of currency equivalent to a Spanish quarter, one and a half foy making six maravedis.

· fu = "fu" [•.]; fu [Chin.] A Chinese district as well as its main city. Often, large sixteenth century Chinese cities overtook their European counterparts in size. [Text 1, note {8}+ Text 18, note 15 + See: • cheu]fu According to González de Mendoza the term stands for a "city". Adriano de las Cortes defines it as the "head of a kingdom". (fol. 135) According to Charles Boxer the term stands for a "district" or "prefectship".

fuision [fuisiones] A term used in relation to'members of a religious order'. (fol. 42)

fula [fulas] = flower[s] [•.] A word used in Macao in the old dialect of this place.

· fuseleira {arch.} [fuseleiras] = "fuseleira[s] " [Eng.] An alloy of tin and copper of which the cash coins were made. [Text 1, note 43 + See: • caixa + • ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael + • xerafim]

fusta [fustas] A long narrow boat in which oars as well as sails were used. [See: almadla + ballão + cho + lantea + manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma + wankan]

G

■ ganta [gantas] From the Malay gantang, a weight or measure mentioned by some old voyagers by wich pepper was sold in the Malay Archipelago. Crawford defines it as a "[...] dry measure equal to about a gallon. " Garcia da Orta mentions it as a weight of twenty-four ounces. Rodolfo Dalgado defines it as a variable measure of capacity in Malaysia that, in general, was equal to a canada. "[...] they made an agreement, whereby he became tributary to him [...] for a ganta of rubies, which is a measure of capacity similar to the canada." ([FMP] chap. 157) [See: arroba + bahar, s bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + canada + catty or cáte + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

· garo or garuu = "garo" [Eng.]; garu or gaharu [Malay], (i. e., eagle wood or aloes); garu [Sanskrit]; (lit.: 'heavy') ch 'ênhsiang [Chin.]) (Lit.: 'sinking incense', so-called because it is heavier than water. The same as calambac, agalloch or eaglewood, the fragant wood of the Aquiluriu agallocha, used both as insense and organic stimulant. Garcia da Orta says that the Malays call the inferior quality "garro ", and the very fine one "calambac ". [Text 1, notes {4}, 6]

· gentilidade {arch.} or gentio [gentios] = "heaten" [Eng.] All those who did not follow any of the major three monotheist religions: Christianism, Islamism and Judaism. [Text 1, note 6 + Text 8, note 10]

gerozemo [gerozemos] From the Japanese ger-sama, meaning 'jailer' or a 'judicial civil' servant, in China. Rodolfo Dalgado believes that Mendes Pinto borrowed this word, not from the Chinese. ([FMP] chap. 85) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

Gizom From the Japanese Jizoo, one of the Bodhisattvas or titular gods of Japanese Buddhism, protector of children. ([FMP] chaps. 92, 107, 114,211-212)

Godomen From the Pali Gotamo, or the Sanskrirt Gautama, represents Kodam' or Khdam', one of the most common names for Buddha in the Indochina. It is the princely surname, according to Buddhist legend, of the Saya tribe from which the Buddha descended. ([FMP] chap. 161)

· gore [gores] or guore {arch.} [guores] = "Gore[s]" or "Guore[s]" [Eng.] Possibly meaning the Moguors (or Mongols) or the Koreans. [Text 1, notes {22}, 24, 56A + Text 2, note {3} + Text 5, notes 25, 26 Text 25, note {28} + Text 27, notes {18} 20, 34 + See: • taza]

· gossipina {arch.} [gossipinas] = "gossypine" [Eng.] A fibre similar to cotton. [Text 18, note 35]

goxo [goxos] The title of the shõgun or cubo who, in the name of the Emperor, exercised civil control over all of Japan. ([FMP] chap. 135) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + groxo+ gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + * nautaquim or nautoquim + t undo + xivalém + yacata]

gregoge From the Malay gergaji, meaning 'to saw'. Ancient form of torture in Malaysia. ([FMP] chap. 19)

grepo [grepos] Possibly derived from the Siamese khru (Pali garu, from the Sanskrit guru) meaning 'a religious preceptor', general term for a Buddhist priest, ([FMP] chaps. 78, 149, 151, 160-165, 167-169, 196) [See: bico + chisangué+ guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepol + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxlvau + vanguenarau]

gromenare From the Japanese gome-nare, meaning a 'respectful form of salutation' or 'obeisance'. ([FMP] chap. 210)

groxo [groxos] A member of the Council of State, in Japan. ([FMP] chap. 210) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém + yacata]

guazil [guazis] From the Arabic wazir, meaning a 'minister', usually the 'Prime minister' or a 'King', or the 'Governor' of a city, especially among the Arabs and Persians. The term was known on the Iberia peninsula long before the Portuguese reached Índia, but it was used with the Arabic article and had acquired a different meaning. ([FMP]chap. 6) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubalnha + dato + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, noyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + precnau + queitor or queytor + samortm + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

gueso [guesos] From the Japanese giso. A Counsellor of State, in Japan. ([FMP] chap. 223)) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + groxo + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém + yacata]

guimão [guimãos] A Buddhist priest of a certain category, in Indochina. ([FMP] chap. 167) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + libangú +menigrepo + neepol + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

· guzerate [guzerates] = "Gujarati" [Eng.] The inhabitants of the region of Cambay (presently Gujarat). [Text 5, note 27]

H

hábito [hábitos] = robe[s] [Eng.] Gown of a Portuguese order of knighthood.

· Hanlin = "Hanlin" [Eng.]; Hanlinyuan [Chin.] The Chinese 'Imperial Academy'. [Text 26, note 7 + See: • Ahimpu + • Atuchaém + • Plmpu]

· hien = "hien " [Eng.]; xian [Chin.] A municipality, in China. [Text 18, notes 17, 20]

· hioquon = "Hioquon " [Eng.]; jiaoguan [Chin.] A mandarin [Chinese govemment official] in charge of educational activities, in China. [Text 26, note 3 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

homdim A conciliatory visiting officer which arbitrates a dispute, in China.

hoppo [hoppos] or uppo [uppos] Official nominated to control the foreign trade at Guangzhou, but more properly the name of the Office of Foreign Customs {in Macao}, in the olden days. [See: uppo or hoppo]

hoya [hoyas], hoyá [hoyás], hoyha [hoyhas] or oya [oyas], oyá [oyás] From the Siamese húa, meaning 'chief' or 'captain'. It is also a title of nobility in Siam (presently, Thailand), equivalent to that of 'duke'. ([FMP] chaps. 41, 45, 146, 181-182, 184-186) [See: oyá].

hsien [hsiens] A 'district', in China.

· Hucham {arch.} or Marianas = "Hucham" or Marianas [Eng.]; Laowanshan [Chin.] Possibly meaning a group of Islands later known as 'Ladrões' (lit.: 'Robbers'). [Text 1, note 39]

hungmua A kind of fibre with wich are stitched dress trimmings. [See: qua]

I

icham [ichans] A measure of distance equivalent to a day's journey.

inocosém A corruption of the Japanese inu, 'dog', and kusi, 'smelly' or 'stinking'. ([FMP] chap. 167)

insuanto [insuantos] A provincial mandarin ofthe second rank, in China. Also the Governor of a province, in China. Other authors spelling of this same term is "inzantón ".

itao [itaos] This is Gaspar da Cruz' spelling. [See: Text 11] According to Charles Boxer this spelling derives from "hai-tao-fu-shih " which he defines as a "commander of the provincial coastguard fleet" adding "Sometimes translated as 'commissioner of the sea route'; and sometimes as 'admiral'.", in China. [See: aitao + aytao]

· Iunquin {arch.} = "Tunquin" [Eng.] Most probably meaning the kingdom of Tonkin, taking up territory inside present day Vietnam. [Text 26, note {26} + Text 28, note 13 +See: • Cauchim + • Champa]

J

japez A kind of tar with which the Chinese pitch their embarkations. [See: uname]

■ jau [jaus] From the Malay jauh, meaning a measure of distance that, at the rate of 3 leagues per jau, would make it equivalent to 9.6 miles. In chapter 95 Mendes Pinto uses this measurement for the second time (the first time in chap. 41), but at the rate of4.5 leagues per jau, making it equivalent to 14.4 miles. "[...] the lake measures sixty jaus in circumference, with three leagues to a jau." (chap. 41). But in chapter 95 he writes: "This would mean [...] that the Wall extended for a distance of seventy jaus, which is the equivalent to 315 leagues [...] calculated at four-and-a-half leagues per jau." [See: almud]

· jerubaça [jerubaças] or jurubaça [jurubaças] =jurubahasa [Malay-Java.]; "jurubassa" [Eng.] (Lit.: 'a language master'): From 'juru' ("a master of craft') and the Sanscrit 'bháshá' ('speech'). [Text 10, note 16 + Text 25, note {7}]

· Joor {arch.} = "Joor" [Eng.] An ancient Sultanate situated in the southernmost part of the Malay Peninsula. [Text 15, note 18 + See: Patani]

· junco [juncos]; also nau [naus] = ajong [Malay], "junk" [Eng.]; also "nau[s] " or "nao[s]" [Eng.] A large ship or "native vessel". [Text 1, note {10} + Text 2, notes {3}, 3 + Text 8, note 14 + Text 9, note 26 + Text 11, notes 11, 27, 41, 42, 51, 52 + Text 12, note 5 + Text 15, note 3 + Text 20, note 5 + Text 21, note 4 + Text 23, note 1 + Text 25, note {55} + Text 27, note {2}+ See: • balão or ballão + • bancão + • esquife + • manchua +• patacho]

jurubaça [jurubaças] The word is derived from the Malay- Javanese juruba-hasa, juru meaning 'master' or 'expert', and bahasa, from the Sanskrit bhasa, meaning 'tongue', hence, 'interpreter'. ([FMP] chaps. 136, 140)

jurabassa [jurabassas] = interpreter[s] [Eng.] A word of Malay-Javanese origin. A term much used in old Macao documents.

K

kaffir [kaffires] An 'infidel' or 'unbeliever' in Islam, in Arabic. As the Arabs applied this word to pagan blacks, among others, the Portuguese adopted it in this restricted sense and passed it on to other European nations. The term was often applied contemptuously by Mohammedans to Christians. ([FMP] chaps. 18, 40, 122, 161, 180)

kago [kagos] or norimono [norimonos] = palanquin[s][Eng.] A type of sedan chair used in Japan. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse +kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku +norimono or kago + roju + shõgun + tono]

◆ kan or kamme "Japanese weight which was originally a string of 1,000 mon or copper coins. Equivalent to 100 taels, or to 1,000 momme, or 8.27 pounds. (3.75 kilogrammes)." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or calxa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kin + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

khoja [khojas] or khojah [khojahs] From the Persian khwajah, 'a respectful title applied to various classes', as in India especially to eunuchs; in Persia, to wealthy merchants; in Turkistan, to persons of sacred families. ([FMP] chaps. 6,19, 35, 37, 41-42, 50, 52-53, 57-63, 69, 173, 185) [See: coje]

· kim = "Kim " [Eng.]; juan [Chin.] A 'volume' or a 'section' of a book. [Text 26, note 5]

kimono [kimonos], kamaone [kamaones], kerimaone [kerimaones], kimaone [kimaones] or quimoi [quimois] "This well know term is used in various forms in the context of professor Boxer's book." [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kago or norimono + koku + norimono or kago + roju + shōgun + tono]

◆ kin "The Japanese equivalent of the catty. Usually reckoned as equal to 160 momme, or to 16 taels (weight), or to 20 arrateis. Hence 1.32 pounds avoirdupois or 600 grammes. 100 kin = l picul = 1,600 taels = 120 arrateis." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + mace + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

· kiugin = "Kiugin " [Eng.]; juren [Chin.] One of the three increasingly difficult official Imperial examinations, comparable, m a basic way, to the present Western degree of Litentiateship or Master's. [Text 6, note 6 + Text 10, note 26 +Text 26, note 2 + See: • cinfu + • sieucai]

◆ koku "Japanese measure equivalent to 4.96 bushels or 180 litres. Revenues of daimyō and salaries of officials were estimated in koku of rice in feudal Japan." [See: almude + alqueire + canada + candil + quartilho or quartillo + tun, ton or shipping ton]

koku (石) A measurement of rice, about five bushels. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kago or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + norimono or kago + roju + shōgun + tono]

Koran The word has two meanings: (a) The Koran, or sacred book of the Mahommedans; (b) the tower or minaret of the mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. ([FMP] chaps. 18, 27, 31, 51) [See: AI-Koran]

kubo-sama [kubo-samas] or cubo [cubos] Former Governor or shōgun of Japan. Originally, he was a military leader who seized temporal power, reserving the spiritual power and some royal honours for the dairi or mikado. ([FMP] chaps. 208, 210, 212, 224) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + groxo + gueso + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém + yacata]

L

■ lacasa [lacasas] or laquesá [laquesás] "From the Sanskrit laksha, meaning '100,000' or 'lack' in the Anglo-Indian colloquial. The English adopted the term to designate 100,000 rupees, or the equivalent of £10,000, in the exchange rate of those days. The word was adopted in the Malay and Javanese and other languages in the Archipelago, but in all of those languages it is used in the sense of 10,000 instead of 100,000, with the exception of Lampungs of Sumatra (presently Sumatera), who use it correctly." [...] a total of sixteen lacasás of men - a lacasá being equal to 100,000 - perished by the sword in only four and a half years." ([FMP] chap. 45). See also chapter 162. [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin orcanderren + conto + cruzado + mace, mas ormaz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

lanquin A cotton textile with particular characteristics. Similar to candaqui and sin. (fol.82) [See: candaqui + sin]

lantea [lanteas] According to Adriano de Ias Cortes the term is the generic appelation for 'mandarin', in China, (fol. 4vo) [See: loytia[s] ]

lantea [lanteas] = barge[s] [Eng.] A wide, flat bottomed junk, much used for carrying heavy cargo on the Chinese rivers. The term seems to have been used indifferently by the early writers for the sam-pa, or 'swift boats'. [See: almadia + ballão + cho + fusta + manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma + wankan]

· lanteia {arch.} [lanteias] = lantey [Malay?]; "Lanteaas" [Eng.] A particular kind of barge with six or seven oars mainly used to carry goods, in China. [Text 22, note 7 + Text 25, notes {26}, 34]

· lascarim [lascarins] =lascar moro [Span.]; lashkar [Hind.]; lashkari [Persian]; "lascar[s]" [Eng.] A term used in the Orient to describe a native soldier. [Text 23, note 21]

lauteá [lauteás] A title of respect used for high Chinese officials in general, in the sense of 'sir' or 'lord'. The term is derived From Amoy [Xiamen] vernacular ló-tia, or the Cuanchou [Zhangzhou] from lau-tia, meaning 'venerable father' ([FMP] chaps. 105,106,114-115) [See: anchaci + anchacillado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

leachi According to Charles Boxer this spelling derives from "tu-ch 'a-yüan" which he defines as "the Censorate or Court of censors at the capital [Beijing]." Gaspar da Cruz' [See: Text 11] spelling is "chae" whom Charles Boxer defines as "Censor derived here from 'ch 'a-yuan', the Censorate in general." According to Adriano de las Cortes the terms stands for the "Visitor of all mandarins. " (fol. 118vo) Other authors spelling of this same term is "leachis" or "leuchis". [See: chaen]

lechia [lechias] Round 'plums' with a big pip. Adriano de las Cortes states that they are " [...] as juicy as grapes." (fol. 77) All authors who mention these fruits remark about being easily digestible.

· Léquias or Liu Kiu {arch.} = "Lechios" [Eng.]; Liuqiu [Chin.] The Ryukyu Archipelago. [Text 1, note 13 + Text 13, note 3]

letrado [letrados] = {literati [Eng.]} A word applied in Macao meaning 'Chinese scholars'. Later meaning also 'Chinese assistant interpreters'.

· li= "li" [Eng.]; li [Chin.] A Chinese measure of length of approximately six-hundred and twenty metres. [Text 9, note 11 + Text 27, note 25 + See: • baar + • candil + • cate + • maz +• pico or piquo + • pom + • pu + • tael ]

libangú [libangús] A prioress, in charge of Buddhist priestresses, in Indochina. ([FMP] chap. 126) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

lij A unit of measurement equivalent to a stadium's lenght.

· língua {arch.} [línguas] (Lit.: 'tongue' or 'language'): meaning an 'intérprete' ("interpreter[s]"). [Text 3, note 3 +Text 5, note 23 + Text 10, note 15 + Text 26, note {13}] "[...]sem língua, [...] " (lit.: '[...] without tongue, [...]' or "[...] ignorant of that country language [...]"): meaning 'sem intérprete' ("without an interpreter"). [Text 8, note 16]

linha [linhas] The triple cord, or sacred girdle, that the high-caste Hindus wear accross the breast, from left to right, from the day of their investiture into the priesthood, as a symbol of their regeneration, or dvija, meaning 'twice-born'.([FMP] chap. 11)

· ló [lós] or loo [loos] = "loos " or loes [Eng.]; lo-ssū [Chin.] Possibly meaning a thin kind of silk or a "[...] name invented for the occasion to describe some silk stuff brought from the Liu Kiu Islands [...] presently the Ryukyu Archipelago."[Text 1, notes {18}, 53 + See: • xás]

· loutea [louteas] or loutia [loutias] = "Loutea[s]", "Loutea[s] ", "Loytie[s] " or "Louthias" [Eng.] = laodie [Chin.] (Lit.: 'venerable father'). An honourable attribution to high ranking officials, in China. [Text 8, note 2 +Text 11, note 7 + Text 13, note 8 + Text 17, note 20 + Text 21, note 8 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + •colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo ]

loya [loyas] Gold filigree bracelet, in Sumatra (presently Sumatera). ([FMP] chap. 22)

loytia [loutias] According to González de Mendonza the term stands for "gentlemen / lordship" although sometimes can also mean "doctors / scholars". According to Pablo Pastells the term defines those belonging to a "low social class". Charles Boxer mentions that Galiote Pereira's (See: Text 8) spelling of the term is "loutea " and "lotia " and defines it "as we sir". It probably is Adriano de las Cortes "lantea". [See: lantea]

· Lução = "Luzon" [Eng.] The biggest Island in the Philippines. [Text 17, note 16 + Text 18, note 5]

· luções [singular (lução)] = ("Lução " [singular] "Luções "[plural]) [Eng.] The natives of the Luzon Islands (presently the Philippines). The author made the acquaintance of merchants from these islands in Malacca (presently Melaka). [Text 1, note 29]

lunghee [lunghees] "Evidently an article of feminine dress."

lurgan [lurganes] A Chinese fruit (fol.77)

· lutici [luticis] = luitisio[Span.]; "Luitisio[s]" [Eng.]; Luthissi or ludusi [Chin.] The commander of a province's armed forces, in China [Text 11, notes {11}, 24, 27 + Text 21, note 14 + See: • aitào + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci. poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tutão + • upo]

M

■ mace [maces], mas [mases] or maz [mazes] (a) Chinese money of account, equivalent to one-tenth of the silver tael, or ten conderins; (b) a gold weight used in (presently, Sumatera), being one-sixteenth of a Malay tael, or about forty grains; (c) the name of a small gold coin of Achin, weighing nine grains. "[...] they all agreed to sell me [...] for the price of seven maces of gold, which is equal to fourteen-hundred réis [reais] in our money, at the rate of half a cruzado per mace." ([FMP] chap. 25). See also chapters 89, 91, 165. [See: arroba + bahar, s bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + canada + catty or cáte + ganta + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical + alcá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

◆ mace, maas, maz, etc. "Chinese money of account, equivalent to 1/10 of the silver tael, or to 10 conderines. António Nunes (1544) equated it with 7 1/2 silver tanga larim, Gaspar da Cruz (1555), to 6 tangas two years later, and João Rodrigues (1604), equated the mace with l Japanese silver momme, or with 2 Portuguese vinténs. Saris and Cocks valued the mace at 6d sterling in 1613-1620." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon. etc. + peso de á ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

◆ mace "1 mace =10 conderins; 10 mace = 1 tael of weight as well as money of account." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mai + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or klntal + ryō + tael + tanga]

maceta [macetas] A wide open dish of glazed earthenware used for displaying rockeries, and other garden ornaments.

· Machao, Macan, Amacao {arch.} or Macau = Macàn [Span.]; "Machao", "Macao" or "Macau" [Eng.]; Ngao-man [Guangdong.] or Aomen [Chin.] (Lit.: "Bay-gate"). "But another origin is also given from an idol known as Ama, Amagau, or Ama-kan, and meant the "Harbour of Ama"; this was contracted to Macao." [Text 14, note 4 + Text 23, note 2 +Text 25, note 2; Text 26, note {15} + See: • Oquém or Macao]

◆ mai "1 mai = 10 ryō, or about 161.55 grammes, or 5.2 ounces Troy." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

mainato [mainatos] From the Tamil-Malayal mainatta, meaning 'a washerman'. The mainatos were of a low caste in India who did the washing for the entire community, but the term was widely used by the Portuguese throughout Asia. ([FMP] chap. 105)

mamoco From the Persian mah, meaning 'moon'. A term used by the Mohammedans to describe the course of the moon. Pinto uses it in the sense of 'day of the lunar month'.([FMP] chaps.13, 135, 142, 225)

· manchua {arch.} [manchuas] = "Manchua[s]" [Eng.] A small boat, sometimes fitted with a rectangular sail, in China. [Text 22, note 14 + text 25, notes {6}, 11 + See: • balão or ballão + • bancão + • esquife + • junco + • patacho]

manchua [manchuas] Large cargo-boat with a single mast and a square sail, properly referring to boats of this type on the Malabar coast but used also by the Portuguese to refer to Chinese boats of similar type. [See: almadia + ballão + cho + fusta + lantea + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma + wankan]

· Mandarim = "Mandarin" [Eng.]; Guanhua [Chin.] The official government 'language' of the Empire of China. Analogy can be made between Latin - the common contemporary European language for scholarly, scientific and religious subjects - and Guanhua ('Mandarin language') - as used in the region of Beijing - and its written characters, as China's 'lingua franca' between the several Chinese languages and dialects, which are mutually incomprehensible. [Text 7, note 11 + Text 9, note 32 + Text 24, note 5]

mandeline [mandelines] According to Álvaro Semedo the term stands for "a type of jueces".

· manucodiata [manucodiatas] = "birds" [Eng.] The famous 'aves do paraíso ' ('birds of paradise') from Aru and New Guinea, and the brilliant-coloured parrots from the Moluccas (presently Maluku), which were brought to Malacca (presently Melaka). The Chinese also imported the hornbill and used the bill for various carved ornaments. [Text 1, notes {22}, 20]

· maravedi {arch.} [maravedis] = maravedi [Span.]; "maravedi[s] " [Eng.] A Spanish monetary unit worth twenty-seven reales. [Text 17, note 13 + See: • caixa + • ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael + • xerafim]marreca {arch.} [marrecas] = "duck[s]" [Eng.] A palmipede bird. [Text 25, note 23]

margoso [margosos] A kind of fat cucumbers extremely bitter and full of seeds. Bitter gourd. (fol.78) [See: patola[s]]

mase [mases] A unit of currency equivalent to two Spanish reales.

· Masságeta {arch.} [Masságetas] = "Massagete[s] " [Eng.] According to classical Geography, the Massagetes and Scythians inhabited the lands between the Black Sea and the Aral Sea. [Text 21, note 2 + See: Citas]

mayese [mayeses] According to Álvaro Semedo the term stands for a "silver unit of currency".

· maz [mazes] = masha [Hindi]; "maze[s]" or "mace[s]"[Eng.] A measure of weight of approximate twenty-five decigrams adopted in the language of European traders in China to denominate the tenth part of the Chinese liang or tael of silver. Measures of weight varied greatly from region to region in the Orient. Sometimes in a trading port the same measure of weight varied according to the kind of produce being traded. [Text 1, note 42 + See: • baar + • candil + • cate + • li + • pico or piquo + • pom + • pu + See: • Caixa + • ceitil +• fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + • maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael + • xerafim]

menigrepo [menigrepos] A 'Buddhist monk' of uncertain category, in Burma (presently Myanmar). ([FMP] chaps. 77-78, 85, 107, 127-128, 165, 167, 169, 195, 199) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + neepoi + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

mestitinha [mestizinhas] or mestiçinha [mestiçinhas] =Eurasian girls [Eng.] From intermarriage of Portuguese men with women of Chinese or other native races.

· Miaco, Meaquo {arch.} or Quioto = "Miako", 'Meako' or 'Myako' [Eng.]; Kyoto [Japan.] the name of the old 'capital' of Japan. [Text 5, note 8]

mihamundi A fragant oil, in Malaysia, with which the amucks anoint themselves as a sign of determination to die. ([FMP]chap. 174, 178)

· Miulem or Moulem {arch.} = "Miuylem" or "Moulem" [Eng.]; Meiling [Chin.] The Chinese Pass of that name. [Text 4, note 5]

mocadão [mocadões] From the Arabic muqaddam or mukaddam, meaning 'headman'. The term can be applied to the headman of the village, to the local head of a caste, or to the headman of a gang of labourers. ([FMP] chap. 6)

· moçafo [moçafos] = "moçafa" [Eng.] From an Arab word which signifies 'book' or 'volume', specifically meaning in this context, The Koran. [Text 8, note 7]

moçafo [moçafos] From the Arabic mushaf, meaning 'book' or 'volume'. It was used frequently by the early Portuguese writers to designate The Koran. ([FMP] chap. 175)

modeliar [modeliares] or mudeliar [mudeliares] A 'Chief', a 'native captain', an honorific title, in India. ([FMP] chaps. 90, 164) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubalnha + dato + guazil + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + fuão + xemlm]

mogiloto [mongilotos] From the Chinese mun-wei-li-to, meaning a "procurator or attorney authorized and employed to act for and manage the affairs of others.", in China. ([FMP] chap. 99) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quial or quiay + sipitão + tansu + futão + upo + xipatom]

◆ momme "1 momme was 58 Troy grains [ounces Troy], or 3.75 grammes. João Rodrigues, gives 1 momme = 1 mace; 10 momme = 1 tael." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

monteo [monteos] or monteu [monteus] An authority figure who carries out military and judicial duties in China, Siam, and Burma. ([FMP] chap. 233, 103-106, 150, 182) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tufão + upo + xipatom]

monvagaru [monvagarus] The Governor of the kingdom, in Calaminham. ([FMP] chaps. 163-165) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubalnha + dafo + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + fuão + xemim]

moulana [moulanas] From the Arabic mawlana, meaning a mullah, a 'Moslem religious leader or teacher', or 'any man of learned reputation'. Used also as a title of respect. ((FMP] caps. 5-6, 31, 51, 178) [See: amborraja + bainna + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazll + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + fuão + xemim]

mutra [mutras] From the Sanskrit mudra, meaning a 'stamp', 'seal' or 'signature', in India. ([FMP] chaps. 130, 146)

muy [muyes] According to Adriano de las Cortes the term stands for a "wild fruit similar to olives", (fol. 79)

N

nacra, nacár or nacre = reddish-brown [Eng.] A colour often used for lacquer and known as 'Beijing lacquer'.

naique [naiques] or naik [naikes] From the Sanskrit nayaka, meaning a 'leader', 'chef' or 'general'. The term is used in several applications among the Portuguese chroniclers as meaning a 'native captain' or 'headman' of some sort. ([FMP] chap. 4) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazll + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + fuão + xemim]

· Nama = "Ama" [Eng.]; Tianfei [Chin.] The 'Heavenly Princess', a great divinity of Buddhism worshipped in the coastal regions of Guangdong province. According to a number of scholars the name of this divinity is closely connected to the toponym 'Macau'. [Text 7, note 7]

· Nantó, Nantoo or Namtoo {arch.} = "Nan-t'ou" or "Namt'au" or "Namtoo" [Eng.]; Nantou [Chin.] A village situated opposite Lingding Island, in the southern side of the Zhujian (Pearl River) estuary. "[...] an important town in the San On [Hsin-an] District, just outside the present British boundary." [Text 1, notes {10}, 30]

naugator [naugatores] 'Chief' or 'captain' of a city, in Indochina. ([FMP] chap. 158) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudellar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

nautuquim [nautaquins] or nautoquim [nautoquins] Used frequently by Mendes Pinto as the Japanese word for 'prince', and spelled elsewhere "nautoquim". There is no doubt that he took it from natoki, one of the various names of the feudal lord of Tanegashima who rule at the time the Portuguese first landed in Japan (1542 or 1543). ([FMP] caps. 39, 132-135, 143, 200) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + groxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + fundo + xivalém + yacata]

nautarel [nautareis] Mendes Pinto uses this word in the sense of 'highest-ranking customs officer', in Annam. ([FMP]chap. 49)

nauticor Title of a Tartar general. ([FMP] chaps. 117-118)[See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dafo + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

navetta [navettas] or naveta [navetas] A term used for certain types of small ships. [See: almadia + ballão + cho + fusfa + lantea + manchua + parao or parau + soma + wankan]

necodá [necodás], nacoda [nacodas] or nacoder [nacoderes] From the Persian na-khuda, meaning a 'skipper', or 'master' of a native vessel. The term which was adopted by the Malays, denotes a person who is at the same time navigator and owner of a trading vessel, a condition of much respectability among them. ([FMP] chaps. 35, 46, 51-52, 132-134, 144-146, 148, 153, 174, 208) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + ourobalão or orabatão + oyá, ftoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

neepoi [neepois] A Buddhist dignatary. ([FMP] chap. 160)

[See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

nhay [nhays] From the Siamese nai, meaning 'sir' or 'madam'. ([FMP] chaps. 111, 142, 150-152, 154, 172)

nico A term used in relation to 'religious nuns', (fol.42)

nivator Name of a species of bird or pheasant. ([FMP] chap. 83)

Nobi or Noby From the Arabic nabi, meaning 'prophet' and by extension 'Mohammed'. ([FMP] chaps. 6, 27, 31, 59)

nono A light cotton cloth. A term used in Macao many years ago, but now hardly ever heard.

norimono [norimonos] or kago [kagos] (轿) = palanquin[s] [Eng.] A type of sedan chair used in Japan. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kago or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + roju + shōgun + tono]

O

ochauena [ochauenas] According to Pablo Pastells making reference to letters by Michele Ruggieri and Francesco Pasio, the term stands for "extremely small drinking cups", in China.

odiá [odiás] or adiá [adiás] From the Arabic hadyia, meaning "a gift given to a superior or a teacher of The Koran" ([FMP] chaps. 19, 64, 183)

■ oquea [oqueas] From the Ethiopic and Amharic waket, meaning a unit of gold weight, of uncertain value, given the wide disagreement among the experts. In the sixteenth century Ethiopia had no coinage. "[...] he sent them a charitable gift of three-hundred gold oqueas, which are worth about twelve cruzados in our money." ([FMP] chap. 4) [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + Canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael + tical + aicá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa orlaquesa + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

· Oquém {arch.} or Macao, = "Oquem " or "Macao" [Eng.]; Aomen [Chin.] Conjectured to be this Portuguese settlement/Colony/Province/Territory. [Text 1, note 55 + See: •Amacao, Machao, Macan or Macau]

orepo [orepos] A 'Buddhist monk' of uncertain category. ([FMP] chap. 130) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

ourobalão [ourobalões] or orabalão [orabalões] From the Malay hulubalang, hulu meaning 'head' and balang meaning 'missile'. 'Military leader', 'chosen warrior', or 'champion'. ([FMP] chaps. 13, 15, 31, 174, 206-207) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

oyá [oyás], hoyá [hoyás], hoyha [hoyhas] or oya [oyas] From the Siamese húa, meaning 'chief' or 'captain'. It is also a title of nobility in Siam, equivalent to that of 'duke'. ([FMP] chaps. 41, 45, 146, 181-182, 184-186) [See: <<amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabatão + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

P

· Pacem {arch.} = "Pase" [Eng.] An ancient Sultanate situated in the north of Sumatra Island (presently Sumatera). [Text 1, note 17 + Text 2, note {1}]

· pachou [pachous] = "Pachou[s]" [Eng.]; bazon [Chin.] The commander of a guarrison of about three-thousand men, in China. [Text 11, note 47 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico +• tuci + • tutão + • upo]

padrão [padrões] A stone pillar with the arms of Portugal, set up by the early Portuguese navigators to mark the territories discovered by them.

· pailó [pailós] = "pailou[s]" [Eng.]; pailou [Chin.]Aheavily ornamented triumphal arch or gateway erected in honour of a dead or alive local important person. [Text 7, note 43]

paliguindão [paliguidões] or palesguindão [palesguindões] Tartar war drum. ([FMP] chaps. 118-119)

◆ palmo "The Portuguese span, measuring 8 polegadas or thumb's-breadths." [See: braça + chang + covado, covado or covid + vara]

panaricão [panaricoes] From the Malay panjirakan, meaning literally 'comrade captain' ([FMP] chaps. 174-175)

panha or paina From the Malay panni, meaning a type of cotton from the plant Bombax malabaricum, not suitable for weaving. It is used only for stuffing. ([FMP] chap. 161)

panoura [panouras] In chapter 68 the word is used in the sense of a 'ceremonial weapon' or 'sword'. Elsewhere, Mendes Pinto uses the same word for a 'ship'. Sebastião Dalgado is unable to identify it. ([FMP] chaps. 71, 75, 79, 97, 105 - 'ship'; 68, 124, 130-131, 149, 163 - 'sword')

pangueirão or pangueyrão From the Malay pangeram, meaning the title of a native chief in Malaysia, at times synonymous with 'nobleman' ([FMP] chaps. 173-179) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo. cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuao + xemim]

· Pão {arch.} = "Pan" [Eng.] (Presently Pahang) an ancient coastal kingdom situated in the east of the Malay Peninsula as well as its capital. [Text 12, notes {2}, 1, 2]

pao da China or pau da China = China root [Eng.]; Radix Chinae [Lat.] A once famous drug especially prized in the East as a cure for syphillis.

parao [paraos] or parau [paraus] =paraw[s] [Eng.] A small coasting vessel principally in the waters of western India or Malabar. [See: + almadia + ballão + cho + fusta + lantea + manchua + navetta or naveta + soma + wankan]

◆ pardau or pardau (gold) "Originally applied to Indian gold coins from Vijayangar, valued at the equivalent of 6 silver tangas or about 360 réis [reais]. Also called pagoda by European traders in India, and used as the equivalent of the cruzado and the rial-of-eight." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat +, etc. + v pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata. <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

◆ pardau or pardau (silver) Originally called pardao de tangas, and pardao de larins (tanga larim). Equivalent to 5silver tangas or 300 reais; later to 1 xerafim and sometimes 6 tangas." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, << elduro>> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

· pardau [pardaus] = "pardau[s] [Eng.] A sixteenth century gold or silver coin worth about threehundred reais [Port.] or reales [Span.]. [Text 20, note 6 + See: • caixa + • ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + • maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael + • xerafim]

■ pardau [pardaus] Name formerly applied to two types of coins in India, one of gold, worth six tangas or about threehundred and sixty reais; the other of silver, worth five tangas or three-hundred reais. "[...] they assured him that these things alone [...] brought him more than 100,000 pardaus of gold, which is equal to ninety-thousand cruzados in our money." ([FMP] chap. 161) See also chapters 6,24, 180. [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + mace, mas ormaz + oquea + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

◆ pataca (patacão, patacoon, etc.) Money of account, usually equated with the rial-of-eight, the cruzado, or the São Tomé. Nominal value, 360 reais. W. Barret refers to silver <> at Goa in 1584, worth 8 tangas of good money or 360 reis [reais]." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold)+ pardao or pardau (silver) + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + fael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

pataca [patacas] The well known Macao unit of currency, known in modem times as the 'dollar' {sic}, based on the peso of Mexico. [See: cruzado]

· patacho {arch.} [patachos] = "pink[s]" or "pinnace[s]"[Eng.] A vessel with two or three masts similar in structure to the Portuguese nao (Port.: nau). [Text 20, note 8 + Text 25, note 32 + Text 28, note 22 + See: • balão or ballão + • bancão + • esquife + • junco + • manchua]

· Patani {arch.} = "Patan" [Eng.] An ancient Sultanate situated in the southernmost part of the Malay Peninsula. [Text 15, note 18 + See: Joor]

pate [pates] An honorific title equivalent to 'prince' or 'duke', in Malaysia. ([FMP] chaps. 38, 174-179) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

patola [patolas] A kind of cucumbers similar to the bitter-gourds (Port.: margoso[s] ), but seedless, (fol. 78) [See: margoso[s]]

· pau da China {arch.} or raiz-da-china {arch.} = "Pau da China" or China root" [Eng.] A very common root stalk (Radix China) to which were attributed numerous therapeutic properties. Once a famous drug especially prized in the East as a cure for syphillis. [Text 18, note 36 + Text 24, note {32}]

· pedreiro {arch.} [pedreiros] = "swivel gun[s]" [Eng.] A high caliber cannon able to throw stone balls at considerable distance. [Text 25, notes {18}, 20 + See: • bergo + • ceitil + • colubrina + • esmeril + • falcão + • falcão pedreiro + •sagres + • saligue + • trabuco]

· Pegu = "Pegu" [Eng.] An ancient kingdom situated in western Indochinese Peninsula, taking up territory inside Burma (presently Myahmar). [Text 1, note 47 + See: • Ava]

pela A type of public entertainment in which the dancer practises certain movements of the head and arms while leaping in the air, like a ball. ([FMP] chap.69)

penacho [penachos] Tuft of feathers or hairs, worn in the head-gear.

peretanda [perentanas] From the Malay pretanda, meaning an 'early day magistrate', a 'hangman' or a 'cruel person'. ([FMP] chaps.106, 139-142) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nautlcor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrao + pate + poyho + prechau + queltor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuao + xemim]

◆ peso de à ocho reales, reale de plata or <> (rial-ofeight) "The commonest and most popular European coin in the Far East after the establishment of the Spaniards in the Philippines. The English Factors in the East usually converted it at 4 shillings sterling, sometimes at 5 shillings. At Goa in 1584, it was officially valued at one cruzado (400 reis [reais]), or 6 2/3 tangas, but in Peter Mundy's days it oscillated around 10 tangas. This last observer has the following note on the difference between Japanese and Spanish silver at Macao in 1637: <taels of Japan plate and you will give him a rial-of-eight, then every rial-of-eight is accompted 8 mace 4 conderines 3 cash, or 8 mace 5 conderines; but if you owe rial-of-eight and would pay it in Japan plate, for every rial (which is 7 mace 4conderines) you must give 8 mace 5 conderines in Japan silver, there being 15% difference in ordinary payments between Spanish and Japan silver, the former the better, called plata corriente or current silver.>> Two decades earlier (1618)the English Factors in Japan valued the rial-of-eight sometimes at <<8 mace Japanese, or 4 shillings sterling>>, and sometimes at <<9 mace apiece>>. Peter Mundy also states that at Canton and Macao the rial-of-eight was worth about 7 mace 3 conderines, or 7 mace 4 conderines. From all of this, we can conclude that the value of the rial-of-eight in the Far East fluctuated between 7 and 9 mace. In India, it was reckoned as the equivalent of two standard Mogul rupees during this period." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + rels {reais} (Portuguese) + * peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <duro>> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

◆ peso de oro (gold) "Sixteen rials Spanish, worth 8 shillings English money in 1599." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + fael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

piambre [piambres] Mendes Pinto uses this word in two different senses: (a) a 'vehicle resembling a litter'; and (b) a 'tribune' or 'dais'. ([FMP] chap.121)

· pico [picos] or piquo [piquos] =pikul [Malay] ;pikol [Java.]; "pico[s] ", "picoll[s] ", [ "picul [s] ", "pecul[s]" [Eng.] An Oriental and Chinese measure of weight of one-hundred catties, equal to 133 1/3 pounds. or about approximately sixty kilograms. Measures of weight varied greatly from region to region in the Orient. Sometimes in a trading port the same measure of weight varied according to the kind of produce being traded. According to Mendes Pinto "[...] ten-thousand picos of silver, which are in our currency fifteen million in gold at the rate of one-thousand five-hundred ducats to each pico, as this is the current rate with them."[Text 1, notes {14}, 42 + Text 17, note 10 + Text 25, note 37 +Text 27, notes {21}, 27 + See: • baar + • candil + • cate +•li + • maz + • pom + • pu + • tael]

■ picul [picules] or pico [picos] A measure of weight used in China and the East, generally equal to one-hundred catties; i. e., about 33 1/3 pounds avoirdupois, or sixty kilograms. "When the ambassador inquired there how much silver those mines produced annually, they were told it amounted to sixthousand piculs, which equals eight thousand quintals in our money." ([FMP] chap. 128) See also chapters 45, 48, 90, 92, 95, 96, 113, 132, 137, 202, 211. [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + Canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + quart + quintal + tael + tical]

◆ picul, pico, pikul, etc. "The Far Eastern picul usually contained 100 catties or 1,600 taels, and may be reconed as the equivalent of 133 1/3 avoirdupois. As noted under "catty ", João Rodrigues, stated that the silk and other merchandise brought to Japan in the Great Ship from Macao was usually weighed in piculs of 1,500 taels weight." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cafe, katl, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen. etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + momme + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

pilanga [pilangas] From the Chinese ping-lu, meaning, according to Rodolfo Dalgado, a "military tribunal", in China. ([FMP]chap. 100)

· Pimpu = "Pimpu" [Eng.]; ping-pu or Bingbu [Chin.] The Board of War in Beijing, being one of the major Ministries of the Chinese Imperial government. [Text 11, notes {26}, {38}, 40 + See: • Ahimpu + • Atuchaem + • Hanlin]

· pio {arch.} [pios] = "Pio[s]" [Eng.]; Pei-wo-tu-chih-huiu or bemoduzhihui [Chin.] The head of a province's coastal defense forces, in China Also, "the title of a military commander whose chief function was to guard the coast against the attack of Japanese." [Text 7, note 38 + Text 11 {11} + See: •aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • fuci + • tutão + • upo ]

pirange [piranges] An inferior wheeled sort of vehicle, in the Orient. ([FMP] chap. 124)

pitaleu [pitaleus] Mendes Pinto uses this word in the sense of 'animal trainer' or 'acrobat'. ([FMP] chap. 99)

· pochanci [pochancis], poncasio [poncasios] or puchanci [puchancis] = poncasio [Span.]; Pochanssi[s]" or "Pancasio" [Eng.]; buzhengshi [Chin.] The treasurer of a province, in China. [Text 7, note 34 + Text 11, note 30 + Text 21, note 10 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém +• chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici" + • pachou + • pio + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • tufão + •upo]

· pom [poms] = "pon[s]" [Eng.] A practically insignificant measure of weight. Measures of weight varied greatly from region to region in the Orient. Sometimes in a trading port the same measure of weight varied according to the kind of produce being traded. [Text 1, note 42 + See: • baar + •candil + • cate + • li +• maz + • pico or piquo + • pu + • tael +• fen, fên or fom]

ponchacy [ponchacys] or puchancy [puchancys] From the Chinese pu-chêng-shih. Originally a 'civil governor and comptroller' whose functions became essentially those of a provincial 'treasurer', in China. ([FMP] chaps. 106-107, 114)[See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + quiai or quiay + sipitao + tansu + tutao + upo + xipatom]

pochim [pochins] A treasurer of the second rank, in China.

pochinsi [ponchisis] The Lord Privy Seal, in China.

pon [pons] Foreign mercenaries engaged by the Chinese authorities for a period of months or years.

ponchasi [ponchasis] The third highest dignatary immediately under the Emperor. The Chancellor of the Public Treasury, in China.

· porcelana {arch.} [porcelanas] = "china bowl[s]" [Eng.] In this context, an 'alguidar' ('vessel'). For a period of time the word being employed with the double meaning of a 'recipients' ('container') or its raw material. [Text 1, note 11+ Text 2 {2} + See: • altamia]

· portoão [portoãos] or portilõs [singular (portilõ)] ="Parthion[s]" or "Parthianou[s] " [Eng.]; pö-thian [Amoy]; pu-t 'ing orbuding [Chin.] Probably, a southern China colloquial name for local 'police masters' or 'jail wardens'. [Text 8, notes {12}, 23]

◆ pound "The pound avoirdupois used by the English traders in the East during the seventeenth century is the same as that of the present day. The Portuguese libra or pound, was likewise generally 16 ounces; but their other pound weight, the arratel, was 2% more, as noted above. The Dutch pound used in the East was the Amsterdam pound of 0.494kilograms., or practically 1.09 pounds. English." [See: arratet + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, katl, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + quintal or kintal + ryō + tael + tanga]

· poutó [poutós] = "poutoo[s]" [Eng.]; Pu-tu or butou [Chin.] (Lit.: 'turban-heads'). This term is not listed in the Luso-Asian glossaries. [Text 11, notes {35}, 37]

poyho [poyhos] From the Siamese pu-phra, meaning 'Viceroy'. ([FMP] chap. 36) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar+ monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

prechau From the Siamese phra-chao, phra meaning 'excellent' and chao, 'lord'. Title of the King of Siam (presently Thailand). ([FMP] chaps. 36, 45, 48, 67, 70, 70, 130, 165, 189) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dafo + guazil + modeliar or mudellar + monvagaru + mou/ana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

· Prechá Muão = "Prechau Muão" [Eng.] The word 'prechau' might be an honorific title in Siamese. This unidentified protagonist might be inspired by the Siamese monarch P'rajai Xaja-Thirât (r. l534-†l547), who never made war against the Empire of China. [Text 22, notes <2> 3 [CATZ, p.572] + 11 + See: • Prechá Saleu]

· Prechá Saleu = P'ra Chao Chang Phenak [Siam.]; "Prechau Saleu " (meaning "lord of the white elephant")[Eng.] The word "prechau " is used by Mendes Pinto and other writers, mainly in connection with Burma (presently Myanmar), Siam (presently Thailand) and the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula. Eckford Luard says that "prechau " appears to be Siamese word phra-chao, phra meaning 'excellent' and chao meaning 'lord'. [Text 22, note <2> 1 [CATZ, p.571 + See: • Prechá Muão]

primeira [primeiras] An old Iberian card game in which each player is give four cards. ([FMP] chap.118)

produm [produns] From the Siamese phrae-don, meaning 'city' or 'town'. ([FMP] chap.189)

· pu [pus] = "pio[s]" [Eng.]; pu [Chin.] A Chinese measure of length of approximately six-thousand one-hundred metres. [Text 9, note 12 + See: • baar+ • candil + • cate + • li + • maz + • pico or piquo + • pom + • tael]

pu [pus] A measure of distance equivalent to a league, in China.

· pucho [puchos] = "pachak" [Eng.] The aromatic root of the Saussurea lapa, used as insense. [Text 1, note 37]

· Pulo Tumon, Tumon, Tamão, Tamon or Timon {arch.} = tumon [Malay (lit.: 'a trading activity')]; "Pulo Tumon","Tunmen", "Tumon", "Tamão" or "island of Trade" [Eng.]; Tunmen [Chin.] "Identified by some as the 'ilha da Veniaga' (lit.: 'Island of Trade'), an island along the coast of Guangdong province. "[...] Lin Tin Island, which lies about the middle of Chukiang, the Canton, or the Pearl River entrance, nearer to the north bank. It seems likely that the Tumon or Tamão of the Portuguese corresponds to T'un-mên or Tuen Moon O, an old Chinese name for the anchorage off Lin Tin Island, the pronunciation of which in Cantonese has a sound similar to the Portuguese version. "This would be the name given to the entire anchorage, and the Portuguese could very easily have applied the name of the anchorage to the island off which they anchored." "A recent and on the whole reliable Geographical Dictionary gives Nant'ou as a name of the district city of Pao-an on the mainland. T'un-mên (also called Pei-tu) is the name of an island south of Pao-an; and there was a military post called formerly T'un-mên, but in the Ming dynasty Nan-t'ou, which was at the anchorage or harbour southeast of Pao-an. So the text seems to be correct in calling Tumon an island, [...]. [pp.][...] before being the anchorage of the Portuguese ships, Tumon was already the anchorage of the ships from Malacca; [...].". Text 1, notes {11}, 9, 31 +Text11, note 4 + Text 23, note 1 + See: • Cantam (ilhas de) or Cantão (ilhas de) + • Coanchefu, Catam or Cantão + • Quantom, Coantum or Cantão + Veniaga (ilhas da)]

Q

qasis From the Arabic kashish, meaning a'Christian [Catholic] priest'. Strangely enough, the term is frequently employed by old Christian writers on Eastern subjects as if it were the special title of a Mohammedan theologian, when, in reality, it is the special and technical title of a Christian [Catholic] priest. ([FMP] chaps. 5-6, 13, 27, 31, 50-51, 59, 178)[See: caciz]]

qua A kind of fibre used to weave textiles. Similar to hungmua. [See: hungmua]

quai or quiay Venerable, respectable form of address, in China and Indochina. ([FMP] chaps. 13, 43, 51, 56-59, 61-62, 64, 66, 70, 90, 96, 100, 110, 128, 148-149, 155, 162, 164-168, 170-171, 174, 178-179, 182-185, 190-191, 193, 195-196, 199)[See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or artao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

Quantao, Quantão or Cantão = "Canton" or "Kwang Tung" [Eng.]; Guangdong [Chin.] South China province.

· Quantom, Coantum {arch.} or Cantão = "Canton" or "Guangdong" [Eng.]; Quangtung or Guangdong [Chin.] This toponym closely reproduces the phonetic of the Chinese word 'Guangdong' which stands for the name of the province. Since their first contacts with China in 1513, the Portuguese called the province of of Guangdong, 'Cantão' ('Canton')confusing the name of the province with the name of the city where it is. This mistake ended up becoming the norm, influencing other European languages later. This appears to be the first written account pointing out the mistake. [Text 11 {11} +Text 12 {3} + Text 17, note 8 + Text 18, notes 11, 18 + See: •Cantam (ilhas de) or Cantão (ilhas de) + • Coanchefu, Catam or Cantão + • Pulo Tumon, Tumon, Tamão, Tamon, Timon or Veniaga (ilhas da) + • Veniaga (ilhas da)]

■ quart [quartos] The Lisbon quart was the equivalent of more than six almuds, the almud being equal to about twentyfive litres. "There were four large earthenware jars, each with a capacity of nearly a quart." ([FMP] chap.124) [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + Canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quintal + tael + tical]

◆ quartilho or quartillo "The quarter of a Portuguese Canada (q. v.)." [See: almude + alqueire + Canada + candil + koku + tun, ton or shipping ton]

queitor [queitores] or queytor [queytores] 'Governor of the kingdom' or 'supreme magistrate' ([FMP] chaps. 162-165; 156-58 - used as the name of a river) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubalnha + dato + guazil + modellar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + ruão + xemim]

· queve {arch.} [queves] = queue [Span.]; "Quene", "Queye" or "Quevee[s]" [Eng.]; king-ki [Guangdong] or jingji [Chin.] According to Portuguese seventeenth century documental and literary sources. A word of controversial etimology possibly deriving from Guanghang [Chin.] The big Chinese traders of Guangdong province. [Text 25, notes {33}, 39 + Text 27, note 13]

queve [queves] = broker[s[ [Eng.]; jingji [Chin.] A term much used in old Portuguese documents. The author advances the theory, not mentioned by other scholars, that the word is based on the king-ki [Guangdong] (经纪).

quina [quinas] The five escutcheons which make up the arms of Portugal, hence "the flag of Portugal". quinchai [quinchais] = "Quinchay [s]" [Eng.]; quinchai [Chin.] An Imperial commissioner or Imperial delegate, appointed with full powers in emmergency situations, in China. [Text 11, note 29]

quinche [quinches] A bailiff, in China.

■ quintal [quintals] The Portuguese hundredweight, which was widely used in the East. It was generally reckoned at about one hundred and thirty pounds avoirdupois. "[...] they were told it amounted to six-thousand piculs, which equals eight-thousand quintals in our money." ([FMP] chap. 128) See also chapters 13, 21, 43, 58, 109, 132, 143, 151, 158.

[See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + Canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + tael + tical]

◆ quintal or kintal "The Portuguese hundredweight which was widely used in the East. It was generally reckoned at 128 arrateis, or about 130 pounds avoirdupois. António Nunes reckoned 95 Chinese catties to the quintal in 1554." [See: arralel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + ryō + tael + tanga]

quitasoll {sic} [quitasolles] or sombreiro [sombreiro] =parasol [s] [Eng.] A 'sunshade'. [See: sombreiro or quitassol]

R

raudivá [raudivás] Silk cloth, in China and Siam (presently Thailand). ([FMP] chap. 163)

reimao [reimoes] Mendes Pinto makes a distinction between the tiger and the reemow, which is the word for 'tiger' in the Island of Sumatra (presently Sumatera). ([FMP] chap. 23)

· real {arch.} [reais] or reale [reales] = real or reale [Span.]; "real" or "reale [s]" [Eng.] A sixteenth century monetary unit worth forty reais [Port.] or reis [Span.] A reale was a Spanish coin, minted in American silver, which was common in the Far East after the Spanish had established themselves in the Philippines in 1565. [Text 17, note 19 + + See: • caixa +• ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + • maravedi + • maz + •pardau + • tael + • xerafim]

■ real [reais] Small Portuguese copper coin of low value which was abolished in the sixteenth century, but its multiples were retained and used as money of account. During the period of 1555-1640, the value of the cruzado was theoretically fixed at four-hundred reais. "[...] they all agreed to sell me to the merchant for a price of seven maces of gold, which is equal to fourteen-hundred reis [reais] in our money, at the rate of half a cruzado per mace." ([FMP] chap. 25) See also chapters 6,89,109, 110, 146, 180, 221. [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + mace, mas or maz + oquea + pardau + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

◆ real (Spanish) "Rial worth 6 pence English money in 1599." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca. patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + reis {reais}(Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, < >> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

◆ reis [reais] (Portuguese) "Small Portuguese copper coin of low value which was abolished in the 16th century, but its multiples were retained and used as money of account. During the period 1555-1640, the value of the cruzado was theoretically fixed at 400 reis [reais]; the silver São Tomé (pataca) at 360; the xerafim at 300; the tanga at 60; the Portuguese vintém at 20, and the Indo-Portuguese at 12 reis [reais]." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, < >> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + v tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

· roçamalha {arch.} = "Rosamulla" [Eng.] A 'liquid resin'. A kind of medicinal unguent obtained from heating and squeezing the of the bark of the Liquidambar orientalis, a tree common in certain regions of the Far East. [Text 28, note 19]

· rodela {arch.} [rodelas] = "roundel" [Eng.] Meaning in this context 'a small round shield'. [Text 17, note 21]

roju Japanese Council of Elders (老中) in the days of the Tokugawa Shōgunate. [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kogo or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kogo + shōgun + tono]

rolim The highest monastic grade among the Buddhists in Burma (presently Myanmar). From the Burmese word yahan or rahan. ([FMP] chaps. 150, 152, 154, 160, 165, 167-169)

· rota = "Rota" or "rattan" [Eng.] A plant from the same species as the palm trees (Calamus), with which are manufactured ropes, mats, sails and multiple other artifacts. "They make Bowls, Cups and Tables of Rottans, and cover them very neatly with Lack of divers Colours and gild them." [Text 28, notes {8}, 20]

· ruibarbo = "rhubarb" [Eng.] A 'rhizomatous plant' (Rheum officinale) with extensive medicinal use, frequently ingested as a purgative in the past. [Text 1, note 49]

◆ ryō "Japanese weight for measuring silver, etc. Sixteen ryō went to the kin, but the ryō varied considerably in size. In our period it seems to have been the equivalent of 4.5 momme, or about 16.87 grammes. 1,000 ryō of silver therefore weighed about 16,800 grammes or 540 ounces Troy (Cf. Delmer M. Brown, Money Economy in Medieval Japan, p. 20note)." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + tael + tanga]

S

sadin [sandines] According to Martin de Rada the terms stands for the "Vistor of each [...] province", in China.

sagirave [sagiraves] or sanguirave [sanguiraves] A shelf, with pigeon-holes, in Calaminhan. ([FMP] chap. 163)

· sagres {arch.} = "saker[s]" [Eng.] An antiquated [obsolete] small cannon. Also called 'falcão' ('falcon'). [Text] 25, note 19 + See: • berço + • ceitil + • colubrina + • esmeril +• falcão + • falcão pedreiro + • pedreiro + • saligue + • trabuco]

· saligue [saligues] = "saligue[s] " [Eng.] A contemporary military hurling weapon. [Text 10, note 29]

saligue [saligues] From the Malay-Javanese word saligi, meaning 'wooden lance' or 'pointed stick'. ([FMP] chaps. 22,128)

samorim [samorins] From the Malayal word samuri, meaning 'sea king' or 'sea rajah', title of the former Hindu Kings of Calicut (presently Kozhikode). ([FMP] chap. 175) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuao + xemim]

sanguys de pates This represents the Malay title sangadipati, meaning 'Sovereign lord' or 'Prince'. ([FMP] chap. 175) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + shanbadar + tuão + xemim]

sanhu According to Adriano de las Cortes the second highest dignatary immediately under the Emperor. The field marshall and general of the army, in China, (fol. 22)[See: totoc]

saraça [saraças] = sarong[s] [Eng.] A skirt formed of one piece of cloth, of coloured cotton.

sauguate [sauguates] From the Hindi-Persian saughat, meaning a 'gift', especially one that is given on festive occasions or as a symbol of hommage. ([FMP] chaps. 11, 13)

◆ São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé "First coined about 1548 at Goa, with a weight of 8.22 grammes, soon reduced to 2.80 grammes. The gold São Tomé was originally valued at about 6 or 7 tangas; in 1580-1600, it was about 81/2 and 10 tangas, and in 1637, Peter Mundy reported two different issues worth respectively 15 and 161/2 tangas."[See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) +

reis {reals} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xeraflm] São Tomé (silver) or pataca "First issued at Goa in the reign of Dom João III (r. l521-tl557), with a fixed value of 360 reis [reais], and weighing from 27.2 to 24.3 grammes. The nominal value was retained subsequently, but the weight and consequently the intrinsic value were respectively lowered. As first issued, they were the equal of the Spanish-American silver rial-of-eight, but since they soon lost their purity they never displaced <> as the favourite currency in the Far East." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, << et duro >> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

sendal [sendais] = tassel[s] [Eng.].

· seres {arch.} = "seres" [Eng.] The Chinese. [Text 21, note 1]

· Sérico {arch.} = "Serius" [Eng.] The 'land of silk' or 'China'. [Text 21, note 1]

shanbadar [ shanbadares] A 'port superintendent', or 'chief customs officer'. ([FMP] chaps. 15, 18, 38, 183, 220) [See: amborraja + bainhá + << barganais + • bendara + • cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + tuão + xemim]

sherazzee [sherazzees] A kind of shawl worn by Macao women, the last surviving example of which (now also rapidly disappearing) {sic} is the dó.

shōgun [shōguns] The 'administrator' or 'constable' of Japan, who governed the country in the name of the Emperor.

[See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kogo or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or quimoi + koku + norimono or kogo + roju + tono]

sidan [sidans] = sedan chair[s] [Eng.] Imported by the Portuguese into Goa, and then carried to Lisbon, it spread eventually to other European capitals.

· sieucai = "Sieueai" [Eng.]; xiucai [Chin.] One of the three increasingly difficult official Imperial examinations, comparable, in a basic way, to the present Western degree of Baccalaureate or Bachelor's. [Text 6, note 6 + Text 20, note 26+ Text 26, note 2 + See: • cinfu + • kiugin ]

sigiputão [sigiputoes] The highest ranking Buddhist priest, in Calaminhan. ([FMP] chap. 164) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

sin [sines] A cotton textile with particular characteristics used for handkerchiefs and neckershiefs. Similar to candaqui and lanquin. [See: candaqui and lanquin]

sipitão [sipitoes] A 'civil servant', in China. ([FMP] chap. 115) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitoo+ bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci orconchacy + concnala + conchalim or concnaly + conquiai+ continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto+ monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + tonsu + tutão + upo + xipatom]

soma [somas] = somar[s] [Eng.]; som [Malay] A kind of junk. [See: almadia + ballãd + cho + fusta + lantea+ manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + wankan]

sombreiro [sombreiros] or quitusoll {sic} [quitasolles] = parasol[s] [Eng.] A 'sunshade'. [See: sombreiro or quittasol]

· Sumbanco {arch.} = Karaeng Sumanna [Java.]; "Sumbane" [Eng.] One of the ruling Princes of Macassar (presently Makasar). [Text 28, note 37]

· Sunda = "Sunda" [Eng.] (Presently Sunda Selat) was during the sixteenth century an important port of trade on the eastern coast of Java (presently Jawa), where the Portuguese acquired pepper. [Text 14, note 20]

◆ Stuivers (stiver) "Dutch coin worth 16 (Dutch) pence, and the equivalent of the English penny. The silver tael was valued at 62 1/2 stuivers before 1636 and at 57 stuivers in 1637-1640." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <duro>> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém + xerafim]

T

taccassy [taccassys] = recorders] or registrars] [Eng.]; tijusi [Mand.] or tai-ke-sz [Guang.] (提举司)) Magistrate of more than one city or the adjacent districts, in China.

· tael [taéis] = tola [Hindi]; "tael[s]" [Eng.] A Chinese silver coin worth about five-hundred and forty reais. Also a measure of weight of approximately forty grams. Measures of weight varied greatly from region to region in the Orient. Sometimes in a trading port the same measure of weight varied according to the kind of produce being traded. [Text 1, notes {15}, 42 + Text 25, note 21 + Text 11, note 54 + See: • baar + • candil + • cate + • li + • maz + • pico or piquo + • pom + • pu + See: • caixa + • ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira + •maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael + •xerafim]

tael A unit of currency equivalent to ten reales or twenty four Castillan maravedis.

■ tael [taéis] A weight and money of account in the Far East, representing a varying weight of silver in different localities. Often called 'the ounce of silver'. "[...] there was a report [...] that they had been carrying 200,000 taels in silver alone & which comes to 300,000 cruzados in our money." ([FMP] chap. 35; used frequently up to chap. 223) [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + Canada + catty or cáte + ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tical + atcá + cash + conderin, canderin or canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa or laquesá + m mace, mas or maz + oquea + pardau + real + tonga larim + teston + turma + vintém]

◆ tael (silver) "Chinese money of account, and trade name for the <> or liang. Reckoned as 1,000 cash, 100 conderines, or 10 mace. António Nunes (1554), equates the tael with 7 1/2 silver tanga larins, Gaspar da Cruz (1554-1556), with 6 tangas. João Rodrigues gives the tael as the equivalent of 10 Japanese silver momme, and of the Portuguese cruzado of 400 reis [reais]. Pedro de Baeza reckoned the tael at 10 Spanish rials, or rather more than the silver rial-of-eight. The English Factors in Japan (1613-1623), reckoned the tael at 5 shillings sterling, or at 4 taels to 5 rials-of-eight. In the Portuguese exports from Japan one chest of bar-silver was usually valued at 1,000 taels, one bar of silver weighing 4 taels and 3 mace. The Dutch traders in Japan valued the tael at a little over 62 stuiver (3 fl. 2 st. 8 p.) before 1636, and at 57 stuiver (2 fl. 17 st.) from 1637-1640. The silver tael was also frequently, if innacurately, equated with the cruzado, and with the rial-of-eight, and the ducat, for purposes of rough calculation." [See: caixa (cash) + condertm, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + fanga + vintém + xerafim]

◆ tacl "Generally speaking, 1 tael =10 mace = 100 conderines = 1,000 cash in weight as well as in money of account. The number of taels to the catty varied very widely, as explained under catty above, but 15 or 16 taels to the catty were the most common varieties. The tael was also reckoned as the equivalent to 10 momme in Japan, according to João Rodrigues, and 100 taels were equivalent to 1 kan (or kamme)." [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + tanga]

· taissu [taissus] or tarfu [tarfus] = "Taissu[s]" [Eng.]; taishi [Chin.] Most probably, a director of the Imperial prisons of a province, in China. [Text 8, note 21 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • tico + • tuci + • rutão + • upo]

talagrepo [talagrepos] A 'Buddhist monk', in Indochina. ([FMP] chaps. 77, 86, 107, 109, 150-151, 154, 160, 165-169, 182, 184-185, 199) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepol + orepo + siglputão + talapoi + tuyxivau + vanguenarau]

talapoi [talapois] A word derived from the Pegu tala, meaning 'lord' and poi, meaning 'our', 'hence' or 'our spiritual advisor'. Frequently used by European writers to designate a 'Buddhist monk', in Indochina. ([FMP] chaps. 149-150) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + tuyxivau + yanguenarau]

· talico {arch.} = "talicos" [Eng.] An undecipherable Chinese term which does not reappear in any other Portuguese sixteenth century text. [Text 10, note 22]

· tancá [tancás] or tanca [tancas] = "Tanca[s]" [Eng.]; danjia [Chin.] A name given in Guangzhou to 'boat people', the sector of the population from the city who lived on floating vessels. [Text 9, note 9]

· Tancão, Tanção or Tancoão {arch.} = "Tanção" or "Tancoan" [Eng.]; Dongguan [Chin.] Probably meaning the location of this name in the estuary of the Dong (East River), ten leagues west of Guangzhou. [Text 3, note {18} +Text 4, note 7 + Text 11, note 7]

◆ tanga "Originally an Indo-Portuguese money of account. A silver issue was ordered to be struck in 1569 with a weight of 4.40 grammes; but the first recorded specimen dates from 1594, and weighs 3.60 grammes. In 1614, the weight was reduced to 3.00 grammes, and in 1640 to 2.20 grammes. However, the theoretical value of the ordinary silver tanga remained fixed at 60 reis [reais], although the tanga larim was worth 60 to 100 reis [reais]" [See: caixa (cash) + conderim. candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reates or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reals} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + fael (silver) + vintem + xerafim]

◆ tanga "According to António Nunes and Caspar da Cruz (1554-1556), when the tanga was used as a weight in South China, it seems to have been about 1/6 or 1/7 of a tael" [See: arratel + arroba + bahar, bar, bare, etc. + candil + cash or caixa + catty, cate, kati, katty, etc. + conderin, candarim, candareen, etc. + kan or kamme + kin + mace + may + momme + picul, pico, pikul, etc. + pound + quintal or kintal + ryō + fael]

■ tanga larim [tangas larins] Though the tanga and the larim were separate units of currency, in chapter 147, the larim is used as an adjective to describe a peculiar form of currency in the shape of a little rod of silver that was bent double unequally. The theoretical value of the ordinary silver tanga was fixed at sixty reais, but the tanga larim was worth from sixty to one-hundred reais. "There was also a chest with three sacks of coins - tangas larins - and a bundle with many silver goblets." ([FMP] chap. 147) [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin, canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa, laquesá + mace, mas, maz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + teston + turma + vintém]

tansu [tansus] An 'interpreter', in China. From the Chinese tsung-sz. ([FMP] chap.64) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or altao + bracatão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conqulai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monfeo or monfeu + ponchacy + quiai or qulay + sipitão + tutão + upo + xipatom]

tavanagra [tavanagras] From the Burmese ta-ghá-va, meaning an 'estate', a 'farmhouse' or any kind of 'abode at the edge of a river', in Indochina. ([FMP] chap.162)

taymin The generic apelation of the Chinese among themselves. Adriano de las Cortes spells this term also as "taybin " and "tainoin ". (fol. 80vo) Martín de Rada and Gonzalez de Mendoza use the term "Taybin " to designate 'Beijing'.

· taza {arch.} [tazas] = "Taza[s]", "Tartar[s]" or "Mogor[s]"[Eng.] A tribe who, during the sixteenth century, frequently made predatory incursions across the northern borders of the Empire of China. "Grand Tartary is Mongolia in Central Asia." [Text 4, note 3 + Text 25, note 41 + Text 26, note {18} + Text 27 {30} + See: • gore or guore]

tença [tenças] = pension[s] [Eng.] Honorarium for services rendered.

tequesi [tequesis] A court judge, in China. Álvaro Semedo spelling of this term also is "tequesi".

· terçado {arch.} [terçados] = "short sabre[s]" [Eng.]. [Text 7, note 19]

terivó [terivós] A 'solemn festival' or 'pilgrimage'.([FMP] chap.165)

■ teston [testones] Ancient coins minted for the first time in the reign of King Dom Manuel I (r. l495-†l521). There were gold testons valued at twelve-hundred reais and silver testons valued at one-hundred reais. "When an inventory of the plunder was made, thirty-six thousand taels in Japanese silver were found; and in our money, calculated at the rate of six testons per tael, that comes to fifty-four thousand cruzados." ([FMP] chap. 40) See also chapters 49, 112. [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin, canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa, laquesá + mace, mas, maz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + turma + vintém]

tibuco A govemment officer in charge of arresting and punishing the vagabond and idle.

■ tical [ticais] A term that has long been used by foreign traders to Burma (presently Myanmar), for the quasistandard weight of (uncoined) current silver. This weight is by the Burmese themselves called kyat and is the hundredth part of the viss (biça), being thus equivalent to about one and a half rupees in value. "For that purpose he gathered a huge army of foreign mereenaries [...] who were hired at a salary of one tical of gold per month, which is the equivalent of five cruzados in our money." ([FMP] chap. 194) [See: arroba + bahar, bar, bare + biça or viss + candim or candil + canada + catty or cáte + m ganta + mace, mas or maz + oquea + picul or pico + quart + quintal + tael]

· tico [ticos] = "Tico[s]" [Eng.], tiju [Chin.] The supervisor of a province's foreign trade bureau, in China. [Text 7, note 39 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu +• tuci + • tutão + • upo]

ticoan [tincoães] According to Martín de Rada the term stands for the "captain" or the "alderman" of a city, in China.

timpmtao [timpitaos] According to Martín de Rada the terms stands as the "lieutenant of a Viceroy", in China.

tin A kind of fiber with which were woven the a cloth of superior quality. (fol. 81 vo)

tompo [tompos] A 'commissioner' in charge ofthe provision of merchandises and their price control, in China.

tono [tonos] A Japanese term (殿) meaning 'feudal lord' or 'suzerain' in old Japan (daimyō). [See: biombu, beobu or beōbu + bugyo + catana + daimyō + fosse + kogo or norimono + kimono, kamaone, kerimaone, kimaone or qulmoi + koku + norimono or kogo + roju + shōgun]

· Tora = "Torah" [Eng.] The Hebrew name of the Pentateuch, the first five books of The Old Testament, whose authorship was often ascribed to Moses. [Text 8, notes {6}, 9]

totoc [totoces] According to Martín de Rada the term stands for the "captain-major ofthe army", but according to González de Mendoza was a "military dignatary of the fourth rank", in China. [See: sanhu]

totunaga or tutanaga = "China copper" or 'white copper' [Eng.]; tattanagam (Tamil) Zinc.

touzzee = "many thanks" [Eng.]; duoxie [Mand.]; tó-ché [Guang.] (多谢).

· trabuco {arch.} [trabucos] = "swivel-gun[s]" [Eng.] A sixteenth century kind of cannon. [Text 25, note 27 + See: •berço + • colubrina + • esmeril + • falcão + • falcão pedreiro +• pedreiro + • sagres + • saligue]

tuão [tuões] From the Malay tuan or tuwan, meaning 'lord' or 'master'. ([FMP] chap. 34) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cabizonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + xemim]

tucão [tucões] From the Malay tucan, meaning a 'craftsman' or a 'skilled workman'. ([FMP] chap. 46)

· tuci [tucis] = "Tussi[s]" [Eng.]; Tu-ssu, Pei-wo-tu-chih-hui or dushi [Chin.] A high officer ofa province's armed forces, in China. Also, a "provincial army commander." [Text 7, note 36 + Text 11 {20}, {42} + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tutão +• upo]

tudoen [tudoens] A wide-brimmed straw hat used by farmers and labourers engaged in outdoor work, in China.

◆ tun, ton or shipping ton "Usually meant a quantity of goods sufficient to occupy 60 cubic feet. The Portuguese tonelada may be taken as about the same, having originally been based on the space occupied by two pipes of wine. The Dutch last, on the other hand, was equal to about 120 cubic feet or 2 tons measure of capacity." [See: almude + alqueire + canada + candil + koku + quartilho or quartillo]

tundo [tundos] A 'Buddhist priest', in Japan. ([FMP]chaps. 211-212) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + groxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém + yacata]

■ turma [turmas] An ancient Siamese silver coin, equivalent to twelve Portuguese cruzados in Mendes Pinto's time. "The queen [...] agreed to pay him an annual tribute of fivethousand silver turmas, which is the equivalent of sixty-thousand cruzados in our money." ([FMP] chap. 182) See also chapter 183. [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin, canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa, laquesá + mace, mas, maz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + vintém]

tutan [tutans] According to Adriano de las Cortes the terms stands for the "second 'person' after the King" specifying that such "person's rank is above that of any provincial mandarin". He also mentions the "Tutan Viceroy" (fols.99, 100) González de Mendoza seems to define the same term as "Comon ". The Portuguese chroniclers' spelling of the term is "Tutao". According to Charles Boxer this spelling derives from 'tu-t'ang'- the condensed form of the title 'hsún-fu-tu-t'ang' - which he defines as a "Viceroy or Governor-General with the powers of commander-in-chief, directly responsible to Beijing." Charles Boxer's spelling of the term is "Tutam ".

· tutão [tutões] = Tutan [Span.]; "Toutan[s]", "tutão","Tutão", "Tutan[s]" "Tutan[s]"; "tu tang[s] ", "Tuton[s]" = Tu-t'ang or dutang [Chin.] The Viceroy or Governor General of a province, in China. [Text 1, note 32 + Text 7, note 28 + Text 9, note 17 + Text 11, notes {21}, {48} + Text 15, notes 8, 12 + Text 21, note 9 + Text 22, note 9 + Text 24, note 8 + Text 26, note {25} + Text 27, notes {14}, 14 + See: • aitão + • anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici + • pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + • tuci + • upo]

tutão [tutões] From the Chinese tu-t 'ang, abbreviated from the title hsun-fu-tu-t 'ang, meaning 'Viceroy', 'Governor' or 'inspector-general'. This was a temporary provincial appointement conferred to a high official of the central govemment who was detached for the duration of some regional emergency. ([FMP] chaps. 44-45, 52, 67, 88-89, 101, 105-107, 114-115) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipttão + tansu + upo + xipatom]

tuyxivau [tuyxivaus] From the Burmese thin 'oke 'ksa 'yah, meaning a 'rector of a Buddhist temple',in Indochina. ([FMP] chap. 126) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + sigiputão + talagrepo + talapoi + vanguenarau]

tyu [tyus] According to Martín de Rada the term stands for the "eldest teller or magistrate ofa Province's Council", in China.

tutuam [tutuans] An alderman head of a relatively large city but not important enough to be under the jurisdiction of Viceroy or a Govemor, in China.

U

uname A thick paste which blended with lime and fish oil makes the japez. [See: japez]

· upo [upos] = "civil officer" [Eng.] = dubo [Chin.] A 'bailiff's official,'in China. [Text 10, note 23 + See: • aitão +• anchaci + • ceiui or ceui + • chaém + • chifu or chinfu + • compin, chumbim or chumpim + • colao or colau + • conquão + • hioquon + • loutea or loutia + • lutici +• pachou + • pio + • pochanci, poncasio or puchanci + • taissu or tarfu + • tico + •tuci + •tutão]

upo [upos] An 'executioner', in China, (fol.167)

upo [upos] A 'bailiff, in China. ([FMP] chaps. 89, 91, 94-95, 97, 100, 103, 106, 115)[See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + xipatom]

uppo [uppos] or hoppo [hoppos] Official nominated to control the foreign trade at Guangzhou, but more properly the name of the Office of Foreign Customs [in Macao], in the olden days. [See: hoppo or uppo]

V

vanguenarau [vanguenaraus] Possibly from the Pali vagganaruyo, meaning 'women of the congregation' or a 'Buddhist prioress'. ([FMP] chap. 127) [See: bico + chisangué + grepo + guimão + libangú + menigrepo + neepoi + orepo + siglputão + talagrepo + talapoi + tuyxivau]

◆ vara "Usually translated as <>. The Portuguese vara may be taken as 5 palmos, or about a yard, but the Spanish vara varied very widely in Spain and her Colonies." [See: braça + chang + covado, corado or covid + palmo]

· varela {arch.} [varelas] = "varela [s] " or "Chinese temple[s]" [Eng.] A 'pagoda' or a 'Buddhist temple'. [Text 7, note 9 + Text 10, note 19 + Text 25, note 17]

varela [varelas] A Bhuddist 'pagoda' or a 'monastery', in Indochina. ([FMP] chaps. 148, 151, 164, 184, 190, 193) [See: brala]

· Veniaga (ilhas da) [singular (Veniaga (ilha da))] ="Veniaga (ilha[s] da)" or "Trade (island[s] of)" [Eng.] Have been identified by some as Tamão [Port.] or Tunmen [Chin.], but it is more probably a reference to an indeterminate island along the coast of Guandong province where Portuguese trade happened to be made, mainly with the Guangzhou merchants, during a particular voyage. These islands and "ilhas de Cantam ", which include (Pulo)Tumon, appear for the first time in Lopo Homem's map of 1554. [Text 1, notes {11}, 9 + Text 7, note 26 + See:: •Cantam (ilhas de) or Cantão (ilhas de) + • Coanchefu, Catam or Cantão + • Pulo Tumon, Tumon, Tamão, Tamon, Timon or Veniaga (ilhas da) + • Quantom, Coantum or Cantão]veniaga {arch.} [veniagas] 'Trade' or 'commodities', meaning 'mercadorias' ("merchandise").

vileu [vileus] A 'prison' or 'dungeon', in China. ([FMP] chap. 140)

vina [vinas] Chinese fruits. (fol.77)

■ vintém [vinténs] An old Portuguese copper coin of little value." [...] what had been selling before for a vintém could not even be obtained later for a cruzado." ([FMP]chap. 221) [See: alcá + cash + conderin, canderin, canderren + conto + cruzado + lacasa, laquesá + mace, mas, maz + oquea + pardau + real + tael + tanga larim + teston + turma]

◆ vintém "An old Portuguese copper coin worth about 20 reis [reais], and an Indo-Portuguese base metal (spelter) coin worth about 12 reis [reais]. The silver tanga was reckoned at 3 vinténs." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de àocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold)+ real (Spanish) + reis {reais} (Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <> (rial-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + xerafím]

· visaia {arch.} [visaias] = "visaia[s]" [Eng.] The natives of one of the main'tribal nations' in the Philippines. [Text 15, note 21]

W

wankan [wankans] = vankan [Malay] A small junk. [See: almadia + ballão + cho + fusta + lantea + manchua + navetta or naveta + parao or parau + soma]

· wokou = "woukou" [Eng.]; wokou [Chin.] Multinational - but mainly Japanese - pirate groups which assailed the litoral of China throughout the sixteenth century. [Text 8, note 5 + Text10, note 3 + See: • Chincheu]

X

· xás = "xaas" [Eng.] A'silk textile'. [Text 1, note 53+ See: • ló]

· xabandar {arch.} [xabandares] = "Xabandar[s]" Meaning in this context the representative or head of a foreign community. For instance, in the sixteenth century there were several Xabandars in Malacca (presently Melaka), each being in. charge of a nation's merchants. [Text 1, note 44]

xaca Shakya or Sakya, the clan or family name of the Buddha. ([FMP] chaps. 107, 211-212)

· Xambu {arch.} = "Xanhu" or "Sian" (?) [Eng.] = Hsian or Xi'an [Chin.] Probably meaning in this context, this city-capital of Shaanxi province. [Text 1, note 51]

xemim [xemins] = "thamin" or "thamein" [Eng.] From the Talaing smim, meaning'lord'. ("FMP] chaps. 149-151, 155-156, 162, 190-191, 193-194, 198-199, 204) [See: amborraja + bainhá + barganais + bendara + cabisondo, cablzonda or capisondo + chaubainha + dato + guazil + modeliar or mudeliar + monvagaru + moulana + naique + naugator + nauticor + necodá, nacoda or nacoder + ourobalão or orabalão + oyá, hoyá, hoyha or oya + pangueirão or pangueyrão + pate + peretanda + poyho + prechau + queitor or queytor + samorim + sanguys de pates + shanbadar + tuão]

· xerafim {arch.} [xerafins] = "xerafine[s]" [Eng.] A gold or silver coin worth three-hundred reais. [Text 25, note 14 + See: • caixa + • ceitil + • fen, fên or fom + • fuseleira +• maravedi + • maz + • pardau + • real or reale + • tael ]

◆ xerafim "From first to last an Indo-Portuguese xerafim (as coined at Goa) was theoretically worth 5 tangas, or 300 reis [reais], but in weight and consequently in intrinsic value, it actually varied greatly. The coin was struck in 1569 with a weight of 19 grammes, and in 1640with 11 grammes." [See: caixa (cash) + conderim, candarin, candareen, etc. + cruzado + ducat + florin or guilder + mace, maas, maz, etc. + pardao or pardau (gold) + pardao or pardau (silver) + pataca, patacão, patacoon, etc. + peso de à ocho reales or peso de plata (silver) + peso de oro (gold) + real (Spanish) + reis {reais}(Portuguese) + peso de à ocho reales, peso de plata, <duro>> (rlal-of eight) + São Tomé (gold) or pardau São Tomé + São Tomé (silver) or pataca + stuivers or stiver + tael (silver) + tanga + vintém]

xipatom [xipatons] A 'caterer', in China. ([FMP] chaps. 122, 221 - used as place name; 105-106) [See: anchaci + anchacilado + aytao, aytau or aitao + bracalão + chaem + chifu + chumbim + conchaci or conchacy + conchala + conchalim or conchaly + conquiai + continão + ferucua + gerozemo + lauteá + mongiloto + monteo or monteu + ponchacy + quiai or quiay + sipitão + tansu + tutão + upo]

xivalém [xivaléns] From the Japanese shihai-nin, meaning'provincial Governor'. ([FMP] chap. 139) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + groxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + yacata]

Xpo or Xpto = Christ [Eng.] An common abbreviation in old Portuguese documents.

Xpao = "Christian"{Catholic} [Eng.] A common abbreviation in old Portuguese documents.

Y

yacata This is a title given by the shōgun to the feudal lords or provincial Governors, which at the same time made them members of the shōgun's family. ([FMP] chap. 218) [See: bonze or bonzo + broquem + goxo + groxo + gueso + kubo-sama or cubo + nautaquim or nautoquim + tundo + xivalém]

Z

zompao [zompaos] A'low rank alcalde (mayor)' in charge of a population of one-thousand people, in China.

zumbaia From the Malay sembahyang, meaning an 'act of deep courtesy' or'reverence', paid to a King or other person of exalted rank. The term is used today in modem Portuguese, but in a pejorative sense. ([FMP] chaps. 36, 48, 152, 160, 167)

* "The information that follows was compiled from Boxer's The Great Ship from Amacon (Lisbon 1963), 335-342 [Edited transcription], as well as from Dalgado's Glossário Luso-Asiático, 2 vols (Coimbra, 1919-1920) and Yule and Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (London, 1903)." {p. n. n}

** BOXER, Charles Ralph, ed., South China / in the sixteenth century / Being the narratives of Galeote Pereira / Fr.Gaspar da Cruz, O. P. / Fr. Martín de Rada, O. E. S. A. /(1550-1575) / Edited by C. R. Boxer / Camões Professor of Portuguese, University of London, / King's Colledge, London, Hakluyt Society, 1921, [second series, No. CVl],(issued for 1953), pp. 361-374.

*** "The information which follows has been compiled chiefly from the following sources. Fr. Gaspar da Cruz O. P. who was at Canton (and possibly Macao) in 1556; W. Barrett and J. H.Van Linschoten who visited Portuguese India between 1580and 1590; Pedro de Baeza, who traded and travelled extensively in the Far East during the last quarter of the 16th century; Padre João Rodrigues (Tçuzzu) S. J. who was closely concerned with the Macao-Nagasaki trade from 1590 to 1612;and finally the ubiquitous Peter Mundy, who visited Goa and Macao in 1637, and there as elsewhere kept carefull and accurate notes of what he saw, did, and heard. There is no modern work exclusively devoted to this subject save that of G. Ferrand; the works of Dalgado, Moreland, Grogan, Stapel and other writers who have had occasion to deal with it in passing are listed in the Bibliography. Where English equivalents are given, they are those of the period 1555-1640."

****"The system of bullion currency and trading by weight of bullion was universal in the Far East at this period. Padre Grabriel de Magalhães, S. J., describes the system in China as follows (1): <cruzados. Those of silver, of the value of half a cruzado, one cruzado, ten, twenty, fifty, and sometimes a hundred, and five hundred cruzados. These they cut with steel scissors, which the people carry about with them for that purpose, and divide them into pieces, bigger or lesser, according to the value of the purchased commodity; and they are weighed in a balance which is called dachem(2)>>.

***** "A short Glossary of some colloquial terms noted in the old accounts and records reproduced in C. R. Boxer's study, Macau Three Hundred and Fifty Years Ago." {sic}