Anthropology

THE TRIBUTARIES SCROLL OF THE QIANLONG EMPEROR

OCCIDENTAL FOREIGN MAN OCCIDENTAL FOREIGN WOMAN

During the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty, Calicut, Ormuz and many other foreign countries sent emissaries to pay tribute. This situation was not to be reenacted with the same frequency. During the Wanli reign, the Occidental Matteo Ricci, who introduced himself as being an Italian, arrived by sea to China. In the sixth year of Kangxi reign, of the present dynasty, payment of tributes was reinstated. In the third year of Yongzheng reign, an ecclesiastic envoy presented tribute. In the fifth and again in the eighteenth year of Qianglong reign, Portugal paid tribute. These are people who adore the Lord of Heaven and are good at trade. Many are rich. They have a white skin, high nose, dark green eyes and short hair. They wear a wig and a three-pointed black felt hat. They wear short jackets with close-fitting trousers that look more like stockings, tight at the knees. Their shoes are made of leather. The women wear their hair in a bun, and around their necks are ornaments: gold, pearls and precious stones. They wear different garnments for the upper and lower parts of their waists. They cover their backs [shoulders] with a shawl, which is an embroidered silk outfit. It is the habit of these people to address women with great respect, while men are adressed less ceremoniously. Youngsters who are in love, marry. The person who is responsible for the foreigners living in Macao, in the District of Xiangshan, is also in charge of paying the territory's ground rent.

大西洋國夷人 大西洋國夷婦

大西洋明永樂間,有古里瑣里忽鯧謨斯凡數十國来朝貢。後多不復至。萬歷中西洋人利瑪竇航海来中國。自稱意大里亞國人。

本朝康熙六年通朝貢。雍正三年意大里亞敎化王来貢。五年博爾都噶爾亞國来貢。乾隆十八年復来。其人奉天主敎善行賈多富厚。

肌膚白晢鼻昻而目深碧。不畜鬚髮别編義髮蒙首以黑氈折三角爲帽。短衣草履褲襪束迫如行縢。婦螺髮爲髻。領懸金珠寳石。上衣下裳。用錦帕覆背謂之巾縵。俗重女輕男。

相悅爲婚。有僑居香縣之澳門者統以夷目嵗輸地租。

HELVETIAN MAN HELVETIAN WOMAN

Helvetia is a Province of Germany. Their natives are tall and strongly built. They are extremely convivial and honest, and enjoy to reciprocating the favours they are bestowed with. They have private schools, where most students learn martial arts. Afterwards, when the king travels abroad, they accompany his train as guards. It is a very cold and mountainous country, and the natives are talented in building houses. The women are caste and of a tranquil mood, being exceeding gifted in weaving. When they dig the earth to open a well, they usually find gold. It is also common to find gold bullion at the bottom of the rivers. There are dears, stags, leopards and hares in the mountains. At home they breed cows, and with their meat they cook excellent meals.

大西洋合勒未祭亞省夷人 大西洋合勒未祭亞省夷婦

合勒未祭亞省屬熱爾瑪尼亞國。中其人軀體壯闊極。忠義。受德必報。鄕內公設學塾習武備者約居大半。嘗有遊往他國彼君上必用爲侍衛之屬。其地多山,冬月甚冷,善造室。婦人貞靜質直。工作精巧,能徒手交錯金絨,不用機杼布最輕細。土生黃金掘井恆得金塊。河底常有豆粒金珠。山産獐鹿兔豹。家畜大牛以供珍饈。

HUNGARIAN MAN HUNGARIAN WOMAN

Hungary is South of Bosnia. The Hungarians look like the Mongols. They usually dress in short vests and trousers, close-fitting, to their legs. They are inteligent and courteous. Expert horse riders, their short necked horses are extremely fast. They usually carry daggers 4 chi long. They cavort their horses, and whenever they ride [them] they spin and turn brandishing curved swords 4 chi long. The women know how to read and write, and are experts at making embroidery. They must cover themselves with a veil when going out. It is an extremely plentiful country, particularly in minerals, being unexhaustive in their gold, silver, copper and iron deposits. There are so many cows and sheep, that they export abroad much of their cattle.

大西洋翁加里亞國夷人 大西洋翁加里亞國夷婦

翁加里亞國在波斯泥亞國南。其人彷彿蒙古。衣服甚短。束縛褲襪有如行縢。極穎悟,尚禮貌。幼習馳馬短頸善奔。常帶彎刀長四尺。每在馬上舞試。婦人能通文字刺彇工巧。出門必設紗綾蔽面。物産極豐。牛羊可供他州之用。金銀銅鐵等物取之不竭。

POLISH MAN POLISH WOMAN

Poland is West of Germania. The Poles resemble the Mongols. They wear a moustache but not a beard. They twist their hair in a pleat which hangs on their backs. Because the weather is very cold, they wear leather coats, frequently of fox, marten and wolf. These coats, worn from early Autumn to early Summer, are long to their feet. They protect their heads with caps, also of fur. They enjoy fencing. At home, they raise up bears both to eat, and for ammusement. The women are good housewives. They collect honey, wood and amber; and breed cows and sheep. In the forests there are tigers.

大西洋波羅泥亞國夷人 大西洋波羅泥亞國夷婦

波羅泥亞國在熱爾瑪尼亞國東。其人彷彿蒙古。有髭無鬚,去髮存頂編垂首後。其地寒冷,初秋至初夏皆衣皮裘如狐貉貂鼠之裘,長蔽足。首用皮冠。好擊劍。家豢熊羆以供戲玩。婦人才能専持家務。內外井井。土産蜂林琥珀牛羊等物。

BLACK SLAVE MAN BLACK SLAVE WOMAN

During the Tang dynasty the black slaves of the foreigners were known as Kunlam slaves. In the history of the Ming dynasty the slaves of the Dutch are mentioned being named as niaogui (crows). They are born in far away overseas islands. When they arrive here [in China] and start eating cooked food they have big colics. This adaptation phase is known as "intestinal change". Those who manage to survive, live long. Their bodies are as black as lacquer. Their lips red and their teeth white. They wear a red hat, and garments of assorted colours together with a white shirt. They are always holding a stick. The women go around naked from the waist up. Instead of skirts, they wear coloured pieces of cloth rolled around their waists. They wear bracelets on their hands [wrists] and feet [ankles]. Both men and women wear black leather shoes, casual and comfortable. They serve food to foreigners who, during their meals, are seated all together without sexual discrimination. Their [the foreigners] leftovers are thrown in a receptacle which looks like a manger. The black slaves, both men and women, eat from here. They live on the ground-floor of the foreigners' houses, which have several floors. If a master decides he does not like the traits of a slave, he imprisons him for the rest of his life thus preventing him from procreating and, consequently, from spreading his faults.

大西洋國黑鬼奴 大西洋國黑鬼奴婦

夷人所役黑鬼奴即唐時所謂崑崙奴。明史亦載荷蘭所役名烏鬼。生海外諸島。初至與之火食累日洞泄謂之换腸或病死。若不死即可久畜通體黝黑如漆。惟唇红齒白。戴紅絨帽衣雑色粗絨短衫,常握木棒。婦項繫彩色布。袒胸露背,短裙無褲。手足帶釧。男女俱結黑草條為履以便奔走。夷人雜坐以黑奴進食。食餘傾之一器,如馬槽。黑奴男女以手搏食。夷屋多層樓,處黑奴於下。若主人惡之錮其終身不使匹配示不蕃其類也。

OCCIDENTAL BROTHER OCCIDENTAL SISTER

The Occidental foreigners belong to two powers, one religious, the other wordly. The traders are under the jurisdiction of the king of the world; and the brothers have to comply with the spiritual authority. They worship the image of Jesus Christ. When they face difficult situations or problems, which cannot be resolved by themselves, they beg for God's assistance. The religious dignataries shave their heads but let their beards grow. Whenever they go out, they wear monks' clothing and walk under a baldaquin, surrounded by a retinue of priests. Men and women kneel when they pass by and touch their feet asking for blessings. Only after they [the brothers], have passed, they [men and women] rise. The envoys of the Catholic faith who visited the capital [Beijing] had long beards, knew Chinese, and were able to make technical instruments.

The sisters wear black but cover their heads with a white veil. They wear a leather belt and shoes. The foreigners worship more the sisters than the brothers. When a woman becomes a sister, all her family acquires a special status before the Church. So much so that, if a member of the family commits a crime, a letter from the sister, plus a public donation is enough to have the felony forgiven.

When a woman joins a [religious] order it is an option that she makes for the rest of her life. In Macao, the brothers live in the temple of St. Paul. The sisters also in convents where discipline is most rigorous.

大西洋國夷僧 大西洋國女尼

大西洋有敎化治世二王。貿易者皆治世類。

夷僧則敎化類也。奉天主耶蘇像。夷人敬信之。有大事疑獄不能決必請命焉。其法王削髮留鬚。帶靑斗帽衣緇衣。出入張蓋樹旛幢僧雛衛之。男女見之輒跪捧足俟過乃起。凡通曉天官家言曾遊京師者皆留髭鬚。解華語能制儀器。

大西洋國女尼以白布纏領及胸緇縵緇衣革帶革履。夷人敬奉尤甚於僧。一女爲尼,一家皆爲佛眷。人罹重辟得尼片紙立宥之。然其始必捐千金歸公。既入寺則终身不出。其在澳門者僧居三已寺龍鬆廟等處。尼亦别立寺廟戒律頗。

GOAN MAN GOAN WOMAN

Goa, which is distant ten-thousand li from China, belongs to Portugal. It is administrated by envoys from Portugal. The men from Goa dress like the Portuguese, with large capes under which they hide their weapons. The women wear garnments to their feet, cover their heads with black kerchiefs, wear leather shoes, and greatly enjoy making embroidery.

小西洋國夷人 小西洋國夷婦

小西洋去中土萬里。屬於大西洋,遣夷目守之。衣冠状貌與大西洋略同。常披氅衣藏兵器。夷婦靑帕蒙首著長衣圍錦幅於前摺袖。革履喜執繡譜以習針術。

ENGLISH MAN ENGLISH WOMAN

England belongs to Holland. The outfit of the English is similar to that of the Dutch. It is a rich country. The men greatly enjoy alcoholic beverages. The dresses of unmarried women are fitted at their waists. Their hair is long and loose and they wear a long skirt and a blouse. When they go out they wear long coats. They usually carry small golden boxes with snuff.

英吉利國夷人 英吉利國夷婦

英吉利亦荷蘭屬國。夷人服飾相似。國頗富。男子多著哆囉絨。喜飮酒。婦人未嫁時束腰欲其纖細。披髮垂肩,短衣重裙。出行則加大衣。以金縷合貯鼻煙自隨。

PORTUGUESE MAN PORTUGUESE WOMAN

In the past, Portugal had no contacts with China. During the reign of Zhengde emissaries were sent to China, but the outcome was nil. Nevertheless, later they managed to settle illegally in Macao, in the District of Xiangshan. They [the Portuguese], are corageous and dexterous in handling of weapons. They occupied the Philippines conquering territories from the Dutch. For a while they even controlled the coastal waters of the Provinces of Fujian and Guangdong. Because of this, many Buddist Chinese became converted to Christianity. This came to ease the settlement of the Portuguese in Macao. Those who first settled in the Philippines, now fight the English for the right to lands originally belonging to the Dutch. But the Portuguese are few and less powerful. These foreigners cover their heads with a white kerchief and a black hat. When they salute they mutually raise their hats. Their clothing and ornaments are similar to the other Occidental foreigners, the Goans and the Filipinos. The women's outfits are similar to those of the Dutch [women].

法蘭西國夷人 法蘭西國夷婦

法蘭西一日弗郎西。即明之佛郎機也。自古不通中國。正德中遣使請封貢不果。後遂闌入香山之澳門。其人强横,精兵械。屢破呂宋滿刺加與紅毛中分美洛居盡擅閩粤海上之利。初奉佛敎後奉天主敎,故澳門市易爲大西洋所據。其酋居呂宋者近與紅毛之英吉利爭雄長而法蘭西亦稍弱焉。夷人冠白巾加黑氈帽亦以脱帽爲禮。其服飾與大小西洋呂宋略同。夷婦妝束亦頗與荷蘭諸國相類。

SWEDISH MAN SWEDISH WOMAN

Sweden belongs to Holland. They have commercial contacts with the Province of Guangdong. Like the Dutch, they also practise the custom of raising their hats when saluting. Their clothing is characterised by short vests and leather shoes. They usually wear a hooded cape. The women wear narrow skirts and low-neck blouses with broad and ruffled sleeves. They wear leather shoes with wooden soles. They also inhale snuff which is kept in small golden boxes.

瑞國夷人 瑞國夷婦

瑞亦荷蘭屬國。貿易於粵。其脱帽爲禮,與荷蘭相類。短衣革履。常執籐鞭衛身。夷婦方領露胸衣外束裙。摺袖舒袂。以革爲履底綴方木似屐。喜以金縷合貯鼻煙時時吸之。

DUTCH MAN DUTCH WOMAN

The Dutch are known as the red haired foreigners. Their country is near France. During the Wanli reign, of the Ming dynasty, their large ships called at Macao, in the District of Xiangshan, offering tribute to the city in hope of being allowed to trade. Not achieving what they intended they [then] penetrated the Province of Fujian and took over the island of Ponghu. Afterwards, they invaded Taiwan. In the tenth year of the Shunzi reign, of the present dynasty, they started paying tribute in Guangzhou. During the first years of [the reign of] Kangxi, thanks to the help given to our troops conquering Taiwan, [the pay of] their tribute was transferred to Fujian. When they salute, not only do they raise their hats, but also embrace themselves. The men wear embroidered clothes, carry a spear and don a hooded cape. The women wear low-neck blouses covered by shawls, long skirts, and red leather shoes. Amongst their territories is Java, in the Southern Sea, which is also called 'Rui', meaning 'good luck'.

荷蘭國夷人 荷蘭國夷婦

荷蘭又名紅毛。番地近佛郎機。明萬歷間常駕大艦泊香山澳,求貢市,不果巳。而入閩據彭湖侵臺灣地。國朝順治十年始由粵通貢。康煕初助大兵征臺有功嗣後貢市不絕其貢。道改由福建。夷人黑氈爲帽,遇人則免冠挾之以爲禮。著錦繡絨衣握鞭佩劍。夷婦靑帕蒙碩領圍珠石肩披巾縵沿敝衣露胸,繫長裙,以朱革爲履。其地有咖喇吧爲南洋之會,又析其名曰瑞曰英吉利。

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