RELATIONS BETWEEN MACAO AND BRAZIL IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Author of numerous articles and publications on related topics, amongst others: O descobrimento do Japão pelos Portugueses: 1543 (The Discovery of Japan by the Portuguese: 1543), Rio de Janeiro, 1943; Nagasaki: cidade portuguesa no Japão (Nagasaki: A Portuguese City in Japan), Lisbon, 1969; Notícias da visita feita a algumas terras do Alentejo pela primeira embaixada japonesa á Europa:1584-1585 (News of the Visit to some Places in Alentejo by the First Japanese Embassy to Europe:1584-1585), Evora, 1969; O galego Pero Diez, um dos primeiros europeus que descreveram o Japão (The Galician Pero Diez, one of the First Europeans who Described Japan), Vigo, 1971; Os roteiros do Japão do Códice Cadaval (The Japanese Itineraries of the Codex Cadaval), Lisbon, 1972; Macau e o comércio português com a China e o Japão nos séculos XVI e XVII (Macao and Portuguese Trade with China and Japan during the Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries), Macao, 1973; O Namban-ji, Templo dos Bárbaros do Sul, de Kyoto (The Namban-ji, the Temple of the Barbarians of the South, in Kyoto), Macao, 1976.

INTRODUCTION

The history of the relations between Macao and Brazil remains unwritten. A great deal of researching among Brazilian, Macanese, and Portuguese documentation, as well as among documents from other sources, is yet to be done.

Far more numerous than is generally thought, are the references to Chinese articles in Brazil, mainly in the documents and chronicles of the eighteenth century and of the beginning of the nineteenth: tea, medicines ('Chinese root', rhubarb, etc.), several different qualities of cloth ('Nanjing silk', scarves, blankets, jackets, satin quilts, 'Nanjing cotton', etc.), paper and silk paintings, fans, jewellery, lacquer boxes, pottery, flowerpots, earthenware, ceramics, 'Macao crockery', furniture, art objects, fire-crackers, etc.

More than half a century after the independence of Brazil, one of the elements in the Diplomatic Mission that went to China to discuss the first Treaty between the two Empires was amazed to find furniture which was familiar to him in Guangzhou:"[...] huge beds which are still found in Portugal and Brazil, brought from Macao by our grandparents."1

How did the beautiful and strange sculpture of a Chinese lion showing its teeth, which guards the entrance of the church of the Franciscan Convent of Sto. António (St. Anthony), find its way to Paraiba? 2

§1. NEWS OF THE CHRONICLER GONÇALVES DOS SANTOS IN HIS MEMORIAS (MEMOIRS)

The relations between Macao and Brazil became increasingly more intense in the period in which the Portuguese Royal Court stayed in Brazil (1808-1821). The chronicler Fr. Luís Gonçalves dos Santos (°1767-†1844), also known by the nickname of 'Father Perereca', gives, in his important work Memórias para servir á história do reino do Brasil, much news on this subject, which we will summarise. 3

In 1809 a ship arrived in Rio de Janeiro carrying a great number of Portuguese who, having been prisoners of the French on the 'Island of France'** in the Indian Ocean, managed not only to negotiate their departure to Brazil but also to secretly buy a large amount of seeds of Oriental plants which were cultivated in the local Botanical Garden. Among them was Rafael Botado de Almeida, Senator of Macao, who played an important role in the repatriation process and in the risky acquisition of the new vegetal specimen.

The chronicler mentions the Alvará (Ruling) signed by the Prince Regent Dom João, in the 13th of May 1810,"[...] through which he kindly exempted Chinese merchandise, directly exported from Macao to the State of Brazil aboard Portuguese ships, from paying the entry fees in the Brazilian Customs. Likewise, through the licence of the 7th of July, he granted exemption from tithe contribution and entry Rights."4

Concerning this Ruling he adds the following considerations:

"Through these Régios Diplomas (Royal Statutes) we can clearly see the measures that the Regent Prince Our Lord constantly adopts so as to enrich and make prosperous His vast Empire of Brazil, enlivening commerce, favouring agriculture, and stimulating industry. In effect, if Rio de Janeiro and Bahia are to become the trading posts of the merchandise of China, what profits can not we expect for the future of this commerce with Asia? Once foreign traders find, in any of these great markets, the goods in which such a long journey, great expenses and risks are involved, they most certainly will choose to come to Brazil instead of travelling as far as Macao and Guangzhou. The Portuguese of both hemispheres will be able to carry these very same Chinese goods aboard their own ships, and take them to the ports of Europe earning great profit, since those [goods] are exempt from entry Rights in the ports of Brazil."5

Fr. Gonçalves dos Santos also mentions the Ruling, dated from the 4th of February 1811 which, in order to stimulate commerce and navigation, revoked the Ruling of 8th of January 1783, the Decreto (Decree) of 29th of January 1800 and the Rulings of 17th of August 1795 and 25th of November l800:

"Being inapplicable in the current circumstances and unsuitable for the high purposes which the same Royal Lord established in the organisation of a whole plan and general system of commerce, which encompasses all the Countries and Domains in the four parts of the World and intends to eliminate the obstacles which closed a part of the ports in his Domains to the commerce with other ports in his very same Domains, His Royal Highness, considering that the geographical position of Brazil is in itself the most favourable and appropriate for the constitution of a commercial Empire between Europe and Asia, decided, by the same Ruling, to liberalise through ample concessions to His faithful subjects, the direct commerce and navigation on the seas of India, China, bays, rivers and islands, both national and foreign, beyond the Cape of Good Hope, as well as in the ports of Portugal, Brazil, Azores Islands, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, West African ports, and neighbouring islands belonging to His Royal Crown; abolishing all the restrictions which, for so many years obstructed the ways of prosperity, opulence and power which in former times raised the Portuguese Nation to the highest peak of its glory."6

In a note of 1815, concerning the opening of the Brazilian ports, the chronicler mentions the "[...] Chinese who came from Macao in great numbers and established themselves in the Court." -- then in Rio de Janeiro. In another note, he mentions their presence in the celebrations of the acclamation of Dom João VI: "[...] there, we could see, mixed with Portuguese, foreigners from many a nation, English, French, Germans, Italians, Spanish and even Chinese, in avid expectancy of being witness to the glorious acclamation of our August King."7

Finally, we would liked to mention the transcription, by the chronicler, of two documents of the same date which correspond to the geminating of the City of Rio de Janeiro with Macao. On the 6th of February 1818, day of the acclamation, in Rio de Janeiro, of the King Dom João VI, He signed two Rulings; one, granting the treatment of Senhoria to the Câmara Municipal (Municipal Council) of Lisbon, and another one granting the same treatment to the Leal Senado (Loyal Senate) of Macao:

Ruling 1 -- "The King, bring to the knowledge of all who see this Ruling that, being my will to distinguish with high appreciation the Municipal Council of this City of Rio de Janeiro which, besides being the capital of the Kingdom of Brazil also had the honour of witnessing My Glorious Coronation, and swearing by the inhabitants of this City, who gave me the most faithful and decisive proofs of their loyalty and love to My Royal Person: determine to grant it the status of Senhoria. This shall be fulfilled as herewith."8

The Ruling concerning Macao reveals that the City sent a Deputy to Rio de Janeiro, to represent it in the ceremonies of the King's acclamation:

Ruling 2 -- "The King, bring to the knowledge of all those who see this Ruling that, being my will to give to the Loyal Senate of Macao a testimony of the consideration which it deserves to Me for the services which it has rendered in the fulfilment of the duties which have been commissioned to it, and especially by the faithful feelings of love and loyalty shown towards My Royal Person by sending from so far a Deputy to congratulate Me for My Ascent to the Throne and to through him pay homage in this most happy day of My Coronation: determine to grant it the status of Senhoria. This shall be fulfilled as herewith."9

§2. MACAO AND THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF RIO DE JANEIRO

According to the Baron of Rio Branco, the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro was created by a Ruling dated the 1st of March 1811. 10

Meanwhile, before that date, "the first species from abroad" arrived in Rio de Janeiro: seeds brought from the 'Island of France' with the help of Senator Rafael Botado de Almeida, as mentioned by the chronicler Gonçalves dos Santos. The ship which carried them arrived in Guanabara in July 1809.

The Chefe de Divisão (Division Chief) for the Royal Navy, Luís Abreu de Vieira e Paiva, who led the repatriation, was praised by King Dom João VI for having brought the seeds:

"His Royal Highness praised the Chief, not only for the mentioned service, but also for the important acquisition to the Country, of twenty boxes of exotic plants and spice trees which were offered to His Highness, in order to enrich His States of Brazil with the Asiatic preciosities which in former days M. M. Poivre and Menonville, in 1770, had acclimatised on the Island of France."11

Among the seeds were muscade, camphor, avocado, leeche, mango, cloves of India and grapefruit. The seeds were immediately sent to the Quinta Real (Royal Farm) and to the "Garden of the Freitas lagoon" by order of King Dom João IV. That Garden was a place, close to the Gunpowder Factory of the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon, which the Prince Regent had reserved to the acclimatisation of plants and where, soon afterwards, the Botanical Garden was installed.

Soon after the arrival of the Oriental seeds and, surely, due to the enthusiasm caused by this arrival, the Junta de Comércio (Board of Commerce)issued an Edital (Edict), dated from 27th of July 1809, publicly expressing that the Prince Regent had authorised "[...] the mentioned Board to establish prizes to award those who successfully acclimatise anywhere in My States and Domains, the fine spices of India, and those who introduce the culture of plants, aboriginal or foreign which are required in pharmacy, dying and other arts."12

Thus, in July 1809 the seeds arrived. On the 27th July of the same year the Ruling established prizes to award those who acclimatised the plants. On the 1st of May 1811 the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro was created.

In a Report dated from the 4th of March 1813, published in the newspaper "O Patriota" in that same year, the Division Chief Videira e Paiva emphasised the help of Senator Botado de Almeida and others in the acquisition of the seeds:

"It is a duty of justice to mention how important is the success of such an interesting acquisition to this State, the efforts, secrecy and money of the mentioned Senator Botado de Almeida, Francisco João da Graça and António José de Figueiredo, ship's doctor; the names of these three good Portuguese are worthy of being remembered for posterity, due to the many patriotic acts practised by them in that Colony during our imprisonement."13

But the contribution of the Senator of Macao to the Botanical Garden was not limited to that action. Upon his return to Macao in 1812 he sent at the request of Luís de Abreu, seeds of tea, as is mentioned in the Report:

"I think it is also my duty to inform you that having requested my dear friend Rafael Botado de Almeida, Senator of Macao, to be sent the seeds of the tea plant, I received last year a great number of them which I have distributed, giving them to His Excellency the Lieutenant General, the Deputy of the Royal Board of Commerce, José Caetano Gomes, and to several other persons."14

The Lieutenant General mentioned by Luís de Abreu was Carlos António Napiôn, Director of the Gunpowder Factory of the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon and of the attached Botanical Garden.

But the contribution of Macao does not end here. Through the City of the Holy Name of God also came the first Chinese immigrants, to cultivate tea in the Botanical Garden.

§3. THE CHINESE AND THE CULTIVATION OF TEA IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF RIO DE JANEIRO

According to several historians, the project to introduce Chinese settlers in Brazil is due to the Earl of Linhares, Dom Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho, who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and War, in Rio de Janeiro, from 11th of March 1808 until his death on 26th of January 1812. Some foreign travellers who arrived in Brazil years after the death of the minister also attribute the initiative to him.

Meanwhile, we still have to find the documentation concerning the arrival of the first Chinese, in order to clarify several doubts, such as the exact date of arrival, their number, where in China they came from, contract conditions, etc. 15

Johann von Spix and Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, who arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1817, visited and described the Botanical Garden and they mention the Chinese who worked there:

"Several beautiful alleys of bread-fruit trees from the Pacific Ocean (Artocarpus incise), ironwood trees of dense foliage (Guarea trichilioides) and mango trees cut the plantation, which is divided in regular squares, the most important goal being the cultivation of the Chinese tea plant. Until now six-thousand small plants, three feet apart from each other, have been planted, in rows. The climate seems to be favourable to their growth; they are in flower in the months of July and September, and the seeds ripen quite perfectly. Also this example, besides other attempts to cultivate Asiatic plants in America, confirms that, above all, the equality in latitude is important for the prosperity of the transplants. Tea is cultivated, harvested and toasted in the same manner as in China. The Portuguese Government has dedicated special attention to the cultivation of this plant, whose Chinese product is annually exported to England, to the value of twenty-million Escudos. The ex-Minister, the Earl of Linhares, sent for a few hundred Chinese settlers, in order to bring to light the culture and manufacture of tea. It is said that those Chinese were not coastal inhabitants, who seek exile in Java and the neighbouring islands, and like the Galicians from Portugal and Spain, who look for work there; they were people from the interior, especially chosen for their skills in the cultivation of tea."16

When these two German scientists visited the Botanical Garden, only a few Chinese were actually living there, taking care of the plantation, harvesting and preparation of the tea leaves, working under the supervision of the Director of the Gunpowder Factory, Colonel João Gomes Abreu. The majority of them were already living at the fazenda (farm) of Santa Cruz.

The leaves were harvested twice a year, submitted to a process of drying in clay ovens and then rolled. The Director offered tea of different kinds, according to the time of the harvest, for them to taste:

"The flavour was strong. However, it was far from the exquisitely aromatic taste of the finest Chinese qualities of tea; it was somehow sour and earthy. This, however, should not be a matter of regret in any branch of this culture, for it is a natural consequence of an acclimatisation which is not yet complete."17

Another German traveller, the draughtsman Johann Moritz Rugendas, who visited the Botanical Garden almost a decade after, begins is description by stating:

"The attempts which up until now were made to cultivate tea are mainly due to the former Minister, the Earl of Linhares. Some years ago he sent for a quantity of seedlings and a few Chinese to take care of them and he made a farm behind the Corcovado, on the shore of the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon, near the Jardim das Plantas [Botanical Gardens]. The number of bushes was, in 1825, six-thousand."18

In many places Rugendas almost repeats the same information of Spix and Martius, like the distances between the bushes, the harvesting, drying in clay ovens, etc. And even the flavour:"[...] it does not have the fine aromatic flavour of the prime quality Chinese varieties; on the contrary, it has a bitter, earthy taste." He also thought that that was due to the fact that the plant was not yet acclimatised, and presented two possible answers -- deficiencies in the treatment of the leaves, mainly during the drying process, and the careless choice of the Chinese (perhaps not all of them were acquainted with working with tea before). He praised the experiment attempted by the Government and said that, although until then the results nor been entirely satisfactory, nevertheless they should start to improve very soon.

Furthermore, he commented on the great expenses of England in the acquisition of Chinese tea(three-million pounds -- weight paid in Piastras), and considered the entry of Brazil into that market as a benefit:

"The number of Chinese settled near the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon and the farm of Santa Cruz is of more or less three-hundred and among that number only a few are involved in the culture of tea: many are servants, others cooks. The Chinese adapt very well to the climate of Brazil and some of them even marry."19

Another German traveller, Carl Sneider, also mentioned, about the same time (1825), the culture of tea:

"The tea, which the Portuguese King Dom João VI transplanted to Brazil around 1816, is the only product of exception, for it is collected according to the rules. With great pain and difficulties they sent for Chinese from their faraway Country, to cultivate tea in Brazil with the methods used in China. It was a fortunate and successful idea. The tea which is produced here is only slightly inferior to the Chinese variety."20

The information collected by Seidler, stating that the Chinese came around 1816 is corrected by documents which show the presence of Chinese in August 1814, in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, and in September of the same year, in the Real Fazenda of Santa Cruz, as we shall see next.

Seidler criticises the lack of supervision in the plantation, and says that if it was made with some care and intelligence, Brazil would soon be producing all the tea needed for its consumption, making a great economy each year. Meanwhile, the Government, in spite of being in a "[...] state of financial wreck, thinks that it is of no use to improve that species, which could one day bring the greatest profits. [And he adds:] Of course, the English do all in their power to create obstacles to those plantations; but is it possible that such a great independent Empire like Brazil is unable to energetically fight this vile spirit of speculation of its uninvited guests?"21

The English Maria Graham, who was at the Botanical Garden in 21st of December 1821, writes in her journal:

"This garden was destined by the King for the culture of spices and Oriental fruits and, above all, to the culture of tea which he had sent from China along with a few families used to its culture. There is nothing more prosperous than the group of the plants [...] I particularly noticed the jambo (Jambo mallaca) of India and the longona (Euphoria longona), a kind of litchi from China."22

§4. CHINESE AT THE REAL FAZENDA OF SANTA CRUZ

The Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro ([ANRJ] National Archive of Rio de Janeiro) keeps documents about the Chinese who were sent to the Real Fazenda of Santa Cruz, a former propriety of the Jesuits, incorporated to the assets of the Crown in the second half of the eighteenth century and adapted as a summer palace, when the Court moved from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro as a result of the invasion of Portugal by Napoleon's armies. 23

In September 1814, the Chinese were taken to Santa Cruz to choose the lands where they should settle:

"After taking the Chinese to visit and choose the lands for their plantations in the Real Fazenda, the Officer António Gomes da Costa told me that at first they were pleased with the site in Morro do Ar and the one of Chaperó and, when I spoke to them myself, I was told the same. Morro do Ar is very close to Hespanhóis and to the farms of the slaves and the Chaperó is already settled. However, since the Chinese only want a small portion of land, for their plantations are different from those in this Country, they can be placed wherever Your Excellency desires."24

On the 24th of December 1814, the Minister of the Navy and Overseas, António de Araújo e Azevedo (who later became the Earl of Barca), wrote to the Treasurer of the farm of Santa Cruz, João Fernandes da Silva: "In view of the need to send a few Chinese there, I request that you warn me when the house which is being prepared for them is ready."25

On the 7th of January 1815, the Treasurer answered from Santa Cruz, saying that the "[...] house for the settling of the Chinese will be ready by Monday the 9th of this month; the delay was due to continuos rains that have occurred lately."26

The accountancy of the Real Fazenda of Santa Cruz registers several expenses with the Chinese. A bill of the 31st of January 1816 refers the expenses with "[...] paint for the doors of the Chinese (China vermilion), white lead, linseed oil, etc.). [...] With the Chinese themselves were also spent 432.00 réis for forty-eight sacks of rice, 120.00 réis for forty-five kilos of bacon, 13.20 réis for twelve kilos of salt and a monthly salary of 32.00 réis paid to forty-five Chinese, totalling 1,440.00 réis)."27

Another Bill of the 31st of May of that year mentions seventy-five sacks of rice, more or less seventy-five kilos of bacon, salt and monthly salaries of 32,00 réis paid to seventy-five Chinese, totalling 2,304.00 réis."28

On the 30th of April there was a bill concerning the same kind of products: rice (105 litres), bacon and salt, and monthly salaries of 32.20 réis paid to 69 Chinese, totalling 2,208.00 réis."29

The Conta de diversos gêneros de ordem do conde da barca, Ministro e Secretário dos Negócios da Marinha e Domínios Ultramarinos (Accountancy of the Earl of Barca, Minister and Secretary of Naval Affairs and Overseas Domains), dated on the 28th of February 1819, mentions again the same products and "[...] the payment of monthly salaries of 32.00 réis to fifty-four Chinese, totalling 1,718.00 réis."30

The last accountancy document we have researched, the Receita corrente da administração da Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, de 1. ° de Maio a 31 de Dezembro de 1821 (Revenue of the Administration of the Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, from the 1st of May to the 31st of December 1821), mentions among the salaries to the employees of the farm, "[...] 229$840 to the Chinese."31

Dated the 6th of October 1816, there is a description of the celebrations and ceremonies made by the Chinese on the previous day and is included in the report send by the Treasurer João Fernandes da Silva to the Earl of Barca. Due to its extreme interest, it is published here for the first time:

"[...] in compliance with what Your Excellency had determined I went to the celebration to which the Chinese had invited me. Arriving at noon in the company of my family and the Officer António Gomes da Costa, leaving the patrol at the farm, so as not to cause any surprise, I found them at the cafe, with a table laid outside the house, opposite the gate of the cafe facing the direction were the moon rises. There was half a roasted pig on the table, a duck on one of the sides, and a plate with pig entrails on the other, two bottles of firewater, two candleholders with lighted candles, and a few cups. On the floor, by the table, there was a mat to which they came in groups of three, taking their shoes off and kneeling on top of the mat to kiss the soil, then they would get up to cut a piece of the pig entrails into a bowl, going around the table to sprinkle the ground by using two chopsticks with which they eat; they would then kneel on the ground once more and return to their place while another group would follow in the same way. After having finished this procedure they cleared the table and all went to eat on the ground, joyfully offering us their food; and after the meal they brought a few books in Chinese writing, giving me one of them and another to the Officer. We took the books and then returned them, while they sat on the floor, each with his book, and started to sing in dissonant voices; by then it was already night time. From there I went to visit the ones in the new house, the ones in charge of the tea. They were also very joyful and offered us tea and peanuts. The moon was already high on my return home, after which I sent the patrol to see, as discreetly as possible, if there was any disorder. However, the Chinese finished their celebrations quietly. This afternoon, according to the orders of Your Excellency, I shall call the patrol back for it is not needed anymore in this case."32

On the 10th of December 1817 the German scientists Spix and Martius arrived at the farm:

"In order to benefit the Fazenda of Santa Cruz the previous Minister, the Earl of Linhares, arranged houses for the majority of the Chinese settlers who were sent to the country."33

They saw that only a small number of Chinese were living there at that time. The majority had left for the City to make a living from the commerce of "[...] small Chinese artifacts, especially cotton fabric and firecrackers. They observed that diseases, homesickness and inability to adapt to the new environment had caused a great number of losses among the Chinese. Those who remained made small plantations of coffee and of their favourite flowers, jasmine and basil, around their small and very clean huts."34

38 Viagem ao Brasil: 1815-1817 (Voyage to Brazil: 1815-1817) mentioned the Chinese who lived in the region. He was at the fazenda of Ponte do Gentio, belonging to the Earl of Barca, on the shore of the Alcobaça river, to the North of Caravelas. A few families of Indians lived there, six families of Azorians, black slaves and nine Chinese. They were part of the group which had been brought from China to Rio de Janeiro to cultivate tea. Some were sent to Ponte do Gentio and others to Caravelas, to work as journeymen, but they only did extremely light work: "They lived together in a hut; one of them became Christian and married an Indian woman. They kept the habits of their Country performing all the celebrations and having a taste for all kinds of feathered game. They seemed not to be very demanding in the choosing of their food. They were clean and tidy. The beds, for instance, were draped with fine white curtains, tastefully arranged, and hanging from the sides on beautiful copper hooks. Those beds were in strange contrast to the miserable straw hut inside which they were laid. The Chinese slept on delicate straw mats and rested their heads on a small round pillow. We saw them eating rice in the typical Chinese way, with two chopsticks. They were very happy with our visit, and told us, in their awful Portuguese, stories of their beloved Country and of how they used to enjoy much more comfort there than in Brazil. They also opened boxes in which they kept ceramics of poor quality and a great number of fans of several kinds, which they sold."41 In another work, Acréscimo, correções e notas à descrição da minha viagem pelo leste do Brasil (Addendum, Corrections and Notes to the Description of my Voyage in the East of Brazil), the Prince of Wied mentioned a Chinese who lived in Mucuri, whom he came across while travelling from Belmonte to that village. The Oriental had been bitten on the foot by a snake he believed to be poisonous. Maximilian did not manage to see the reptile, but he employed all the means at his disposal to save him. During the night the pains gradually disappeared and the Chinese was healed, which led him to observe that probably the snake was not poisonous. 42 We also owe to the Prince of Wied an annotated and dated iconographic rendering of the Chinese in the region, entitled: Fischender Chinese am Flupe Alcobaça, Januar [?] 1816 (Chinese fishing in the Alcobaça river, January 1816). 43 ^^§6. THE CHINESE OF RIO DE JANEIRO REQUEST A CONSUL AND INTERPRETER OF DOM JOÃO VI, IN 1819 In the Manuscripts section of the Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro ([BNRJ] National Library of Rio de Janeiro) there are two manuscripts which were published for the first time by us in the "Boletim do Instituto Luís de Camões", of Macao. 44 It consists of a Petição (Petition) and an abaixo-assinado (Plea) with the date of 6th of September 1819. The Petition concerns the linguistic difficulties of the Chinese, and it asks for the appointment of an "Interpreter and Director", mentioning the Chinese Domingos Manoel António as "[...] a person who has the necessary characteristics to fill that post [...]." The Plea concerns the need of "[...] an honest person of our Nation who, understanding the Portuguese language, can serve as our interpreter, director and consul [... and it acknowledges...] our compatriot Domingos Manoel António as having all the necessary circumstances to the good achievement of those functions [...]." This is followed by the signatures of fifty-one Chinese, in Chinese characters, followed by the Portuguese transliteration, and also by the Portuguese name each one adopted. Thus, the first subscriber is Pan-Qin-Linn, who adopted the name of Luís Caetano, and the last one is Chau-A-Son, or José António Sousa. The two documents, as well as the transliteration of the names of the petitioners, and their names in Portuguese, are in Portuguese ink, while the Chinese characters are, most of them, in black ink, 'China ink', or as we say in Brazil, 'tinta nanquim' (lit.: 'Nanjing ink'). As we saw by the testimonies of foreign travellers, the majority of the Chinese who came to cultivate tea quickly changed to small commerce, in the centre of Rio de Janeiro. Maybe their descendants were in the origin of the true 'Chinese quarter' that long after developed into the old Beco dos Ferreiros, in the afterwards demolished Morro do Castelo. To the already mentioned artist Thomas Ender we owe yet another iconographic document of 1817, about the Chinese in Brazil: the watercolour Chinesische Kleidung neben der Art Tabak zu rauchen (Chinese Outfit and how to smoke tobacco), in which the exquisite narghile and clothes reveal an urban status, very far from that of the tea settlers and the modest hawkers. ^^§7. ARTICLES WRITTEN IN MACAO AND PUBLISHED IN THE RIO DE JANEIRO PRESS The relations between Macao and Brazil opened the way, in the second decade of the nineteenth century, to the publication, in Rio de Janeiro's press, of articles written in Macao. In the newspaper "O Patriota: Literário, Politico, Mercantil, etc.", one of the first periodicals founded in Brazil, and which was published in Rio de Janeiro, from January 1813 to December 1814, we can find two articles. The first was issued in numbers 5 and 6 with the title Gramática filosófica (Philosophical Grammar), '[...] sent on the 14th of January 1813 from Macao, by Joaquim José Leite, Rector of the Real Colégio of S. José (Royal College of St. Joseph), to the Editor of the Newspaper in Rio de Janeiro. 45 The second, entitled Discurso sobre as palavras novas (Speech about the new words), was issued in the number 5 of the following year. Its author was again J. J. Leite "Professor of Latin and Portuguese at the Colégio of S. Jose."46 José Joaquim Leite (°Vila Nova dos Infantes-Guimarães 1764-†1853), was sent to Macao as a missionary. Master of the local Seminary and, for forty-six years, Superior of the Colégio de S. José das Missões, he was member of the British Asiatic Society and Cavaleiro of the Ordem de Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Knight of the Order of Our Lady of Conception). He wrote Lusitana, ou lusolatina, gramática portuguesa e latina, a que acede mitologia e versificação portuguesa (Lusitania or Luso-Latin, that is, a Portuguese and Latin Grammar, complying with Portuguese Versification and Mythology), Cartilha Macaense (Macanese First Reader) and Modo de aprender a ler em poucos dias (How to learn in just a few days), 47 not counting other works of a devotional nature. When he died in 1853, a Funeral Sermon in his homage was published in Guangzhou. ^^§8. MACAO AROUND 1820, ACCORDING TO THE REMINISCENCES OF A BRAZILIAN According to Sarmento Blake, José de Aquino Guimarães e Freitas was born in the District of Minas Gerais "in the year 1780".48 He was an Artillery Officer and, around 1815, went to Macao, were he served in the Batallion of the Prince Regent under the orders of Brigadier Francisco de Melo da Gama Araújo. When, in 1822, the news of Dom João VI return to Portugal arrived in Macao, the Governor José de Osório de Castro Cabral e Albuquerque appointed Colonel José de Aquino for the mission of going to Lisbon and "[...] congratulating His Majesty and His Royal Family of their return to their Home Country, and to the Sovereign Congress for its Constitution and progressive commitment with the material welfare, being at the same time in charge of giving an account of the satisfactory way in which the new Constitutional system had been received and solemnised in Macao."49 The Loyal Senate approved the appointment of José de Aquino and granted him "powers of its Deputy". In the BNRJ, in the Colecção Matias (Matias Collection), is the manuscript Memória sobre Macau por josé de Aquino Guimarães e Freitas, Cavaleiro da Ordem de Cristo, Coronel d' Artilharia Comandante do Batalhão Principe Regente, e Procurador da Cidade de Macau, em Lisboa (Reminiscences of Macao by José de Aquino Guimarães e Freitas, Knight of the Order of Christ, Artillery Officer and Commander of the Prince Regent Batallion, and Procurator of the City of Macao, in Lisbon). 50 The work was published in Coimbra, in 1828, with the following title: Memória sobre Macáo por José de Aquino Guimarães e Freitas ex-Procurador da mesma Cidade e actualmente Governador da de Coimbra. Na Real Imprensa da Universidade. 1828. Com licença da Real Comissão de Censura (Reminiscences of Macao by José de Aquino Guimarães e Freitas, former Procurator of the said City and actual Governor of the City of Coimbra. At the Royal Press of the University. 1828. With license from the Royal Comission for Censorship). 51 The issues on focus in that publication were the following: geography, cartography, geomorphology, icthyology, hydrography, metereology, topography, Christian and Chinese demography, physical and moral description of the Christian and Chinese communities, education, medicine, agriculture, commerce, port concerns, urbanism, fortifications, military affairs, philanthropic matters, cultural institutions, origins of the Establishment, Governmental directives, Public Revenue and Public Expenditure, and the political attitudes of the Colony. Colonel José de Aquino published in Lisbon, in 1826, another work of interest to the history of Macao: Elogio do Sr. Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (Eulogy of Mr. Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira). 52 Sacramento Blake says that José de Aquino "[...] died in Coimbra, as far as know, in the year 1835, being at the time the Military Governor of that City." ^^§9. THE CIDADE DO NOME DE DEUS DE MACAU IN 1880, SEEN BY A BRAZILIAN: HENRIQUE C. R. LISBOA AND HIS TRAVEL MEMOIRS Henrique C. R. Lisboa, Secretary of the Missão Especial do Brasil á China (Special Mission of Brazil to China),"[...] the purpose of which was to open the relations between the two antipodal empires[...]", wrote an interesting book entitled A China e os Chins (China and the Chinese), published in Montevideo, in 1888. 53 In the introduction, from January of that year, the author, who was a member of the Sociedade Central de Imigração (Central Society of Immigration), informs us that he had two purposes with the publication of the work: to describe his impressions of the Middle Kingdom, and "[...] to contribute, within my strength and according to my convictions, to the resolution of the strenuous problem which, already for several years, has kept the Brazilian in constant crisis: the transformation of work." He strongly defended Chinese immigration to Brazil, a subject which at the time provoked a violent polemic: on one side the supporters of European settlers, on the other, the supporters of Chinese settlers. "After a hard trip which lasted for three months, I finally saw, on a beautiful afternoon in the month of July 1880, the shores of China, the coast of that which had become for me the promised land, for I longed to leave the uncomfortable ship which carried me, and satisfy my childhood curiosity for the homeland of the patient manufacturers of one thousand admirable artefacts." Thus began the work which, certainly, is one of the first Brazilian travel books about China. Macao deserved an interesting description of Henrique Lisboa. The urbanistic and architectonic aspects marked a sharp contrast between the Cidade do Nome de Deus de Macau (City of the Holy Name of God of Macao) and the Chinese cities. Its "[...] rutted streets with narrow steps that evoke the old steep streets of Lisbon. [The] houses [were] adorned with Moorish style green wooden balconies or with beautiful windows." The numerous churches and the convents hanging from the hills, the continuous sound of bells and the rumble of the garrison's drums gave Macao a face which was different from the other Cities, "[..] where prevails the practical spirit of the English and where commercial activity absorbs all other aspects of life." There were also, of course, references to the Gruta de Camões (Camões Grotto) and to the City's main buildings. The efforts of the local 'dandies' to follow European fashion was another Macanese originality: in no other Chinese City did this fact occur. Henrique Lisboa, after speaking about Chinese music, spoke about painting, with a reference to the English painter Chinnery, who established himself in Macao at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a School" [...] from which several true Chinese artists came."

§10. THE CITY OF HOLY THE NAME OF GOD OF MACAO

"The Cidade do Nome de Deus Não há outra Mais Leal (City of the Holy Name of God None More Loyal) - according to an inscription in the facade of the Leal Senado since 1654 [sic]-covers the Southern part of the small peninsula which ends the island of Xiangshan. On the side of the sea it is dominated by nine hills, four of them having fortresses armed with old artillery pieces. The quarter where the four-thousand Europeans live in Macao is located in the Eastern part of the City and, with its buildings painted in bright and varied colours, its centuries-old convents and churches, it has a lively look about it. Its sea shore walk [called Praia Grande] evokes the Promenade des Anglais, in Nice, or the Botafogo beach.

Praia (Beach) is in fact the name of the walk where, in the afternoons, dark skinned European and mestizo ladies, in showy skirts which try to imitate the slightly delayed fashion of Paris, come to breathe the soft sea breeze.

A street in Guangzhou.

In: LISBOA, Henrique C. R., A China e os Chins: recordações de viagem, Montevideo, Typographia a Vapor de A. Godel-Cerrito, 1888.

Old fashioned cars, litters and strollers, constantly cross in one direction and the other, stopping here and there to greet or for the occasional love confidence, an art to which the young men of Macao assiduously dedicate themselves perhaps for lack of other occupation. One cannot, however, deny that they resort to great ingeniousness in order to show an ever elegant toilette. Nothing can be more interesting than those boys of Chinese features and naturally glittering hair, wearing elegant suits, their small feet inside shiny boots, and their necks hidden in high, hard collars surrounded by colourful ties. Macao is the sole city of China where the pretension to wear European clothes, even if altered by taste, distance and the speculation of commerce - which finds there a good market for articles which are no longer fashionable - is still kept. In other places, foreign residents adapt their clothes to the ease of movement or to climatic conditions. Macao, however, keeps that originality, which, nevertheless, gave me a good impression, even though a strange one. On my long journey after the isthmus of Suez my eyes had got used to seeing as the only exceptions tailored jackets and bowler hats.

It is true that the English never leave behind the evening jacket and the white tie; but, during the day they even suppress the use of shirts, using only that extravagant hat, which draws the attention of the flaneurs of our Ouvidor street, when a steamer calls in Rio from Australia.

However, not only the dandies and the elegant ladies of Macao give it a special ambience when compared to other Cities of China. Its rutted streets with narrow steps that evoke the old steep streets of Lisbon; its houses of irregular construction, adorned with Moorish style green wooden balconies and railed windows; the numerous churches and dusty convents, residences of priests who walk by solemnly, conscious of their influence, wearing ample vests and blessing the passers by; the continuous sound of bells and the rumble of the garrison's drums, gives Macao a face which contrasts with that of other Cities, where the practical spirit of the English prevails and commercial activity absorbs all other aspects of life. But the commerce of Macao is in constant decadence and it seems almost limited to local necessities. In twenty years the annual number of ships calling at its port fell from one-thousand to two-hundred, most of these being coastal navigation ships transporting to Hong Kong the tea which the Portuguese colony still exports the value of two-thousand-five-hundred 'contos' (thousands of Escudos). [...]

But, to the reflections of the economist one may oppose, and perhaps to some advantage, those of the moralist. The immense commercial wealth, which Hong Kong and other European centres in China came to achieve, through huge work and vertiginous ambition, will they ever compare with the ideal well-being in which the modest inhabitants of Macao live, in the shadow of the picturesque hills, enjoying a privileged climate and immersed in the glorious memories of the past? This question stimulates the philosopher to meditate on the true meaning of the word 'happiness'. Where to find it? In the Jews always avid for gold, in whom the greed to accumulate leads to forgetting the pleasures which that metal could afford him, or in the poetic sentiment whose own misery exalts the ineffable realms of the soul! This is a problem which mankind cannot solve unless admitting that happiness is exactly there where each one thinks to find it; however, in the European who lives in those faraway regions we have the example that there is no one who is happy with his lot. In effect, the residents of Macao live in the dream of moving to Hong Kong, on the other hand, many residents of that City hope to get rich in order to move to Macao. Some have even established themselves permanently there, others owning beautiful farms in the Portuguese Colony, where they come to spend Summer, which is much cooler than in Hong Kong.

Meanwhile, the Europeans are not the only ones to appreciate the qualities of Macao; many wealthy Chinese have their residence there, either to seek the protection of the Portuguese flag against the authoritarian tendencies of the Empire, or to devote themselves to their favourite passion: gambling."54

§11. THE CAMÕES GROTTO AND OTHER MONUMENTS

" This Grotto is located inside a private property, whose owner is pleased to open the gates to grant access to the picturesque site where, in the shadow of the thick foliage the Portuguese poet used to sing the glories of his ungrateful homeland. In a cavity between two rocks one can see a bust of the author of Os Lusíadas (The Lusiadas), surrounded by the inscriptions with which the visitors pay just homage to a glory which is universally recognised today. From there one has a splendid view of Macao and its quiet bay, understanding why the calm shelter was the place of such sublime inspirations. Long afterwards, modem painters and poets, thrown by fate upon these shores, still visit this pleasant refuge, either to breathe the poetry from the scented aura of the afternoons, or to steal with the brush, the splendour of a tropical sunset, the charm of that privileged nature. [...]

The Palácio do Governo (Palace of the Government) of Macao is a vast building whose architecture is nothing remarkable. The furniture, however, deserves the attention of the antiques lover, and some of its pieces would certainly obtain fabulous prices in Paris or London. I also admired the magnificent service of ancient Chinese ceramics, which the friendly Governor Graça used in a banquet offered to the Mission of which I was a member.

Among other buildings, if not elegant, at least respectable for their age, are the Sé (Cathedral), the Paço Municipal (Municipal Hall), the Senate and the Church of S. Paulo (St. Paul's), built in 1594. These buildings are adorned on the outside with marble and granite statues deformed by the weather, and in the inside with fresco paintings, almost destroyed by carelessness. As the traveller leaves these centuries-old monuments, he has the feeling of awakening from a dream: being in China, he feels that he has been transported in spirit to some old basilica of Portugal or Spain."55

§12. THE CHINESE CITY

"Leaving that side of the peninsula, where the memories of past Lusitanian glory stand as a grim memento, one arrives, after walking for two kilometres, at the Chinese city. The transition from one city to the other is not gradual, as in Hong Kong. Macao, with its European buildings, cobbled streets, churches, convents and huge barracks, does not seem to be in China. If, leaning against the pier wall, in one of the extremes of the arch drawn by Praia Bay, the traveller lets himself dive in the reflections suggested to him by the contemplation of that relic of the centuries it is not without surprise that he will see his meditation broken by the fantastic appearance of an egg-shaped sanpan [sic], slowly sliding over the mirror of the waters, handled by a strange woman covered by a huge pointed hat. The litter-carriers, talking to each other in a guttural Dialect, will seem to him phenomenal guests fallen from Heaven or Hell. But, once crossing the narrow area covered by those old streets, stairs, hillsides and slowly vanishing farms, one suddenly penetrates another world, another atmosphere.

It is not only in the metaphorical sense that one feels that change of ambience. The travellers who have crossed the regions of Earth will have noticed the special smells that develop in the neighbourhood of the Cities of the several Countries they have visited. That particular fact is, for good reason, considered a consequence of the smell that emanates from the articles of greater use or consumption. I heard from some Chinese that regarding this, the European is no exception, which in not extraordinary, for only habit does not allow us to recognise it. Of this I had quite discomforting proof when, in my excursions through Chinese towns, I was insistently smelled and chased by barking dogs, which were not fooled by the scrupulous Chinese clothes that I wore with the dignity of a sage.

A Chaos of reigning order and manners.

In: LISBOA, Henrique C. R., A China e os Chins: recordações de viagem, Montevideo, Typographia a Vapor de A. Godel-Cerrito, 1888, p.18.

The population density of China spreads as far as the fields a smell composed of musk, opium,varnish, oil, fish, manure, and probably other less volatile ingredients. In all of China one feels this special smell which still clings to the Chinese objects that arrive in the Occident. However, in the European quarter of Macao it is not as strong, maybe because it mingles with the old Portuguese smell, that fact allows the traveller to anticipate his arrival in the Chinese city, where the unclean habits of the population as well as their main occupation, fishing, give a preferential development to the emanations of the two last raw materials I have mentioned.

There is nothing particularly interesting about that part of Macao. The same winding, narrow streets of Guangzhou, without the rich stores and interesting buildings of that City, only low houses, closely packed together, which disturbs the sight by the uncountable sticks, planks, clothes, ropes and all sorts of appliances, scattered over the facades or along the streets."56

§13. CHINESE PAINTING AND THE 'CHINNERY SCHOOL'

"In identical circumstances is painting. The compositions of this kind suffer from a total lack of linear or aerial perspective. They are only remarkable for their brilliant colours which, nevertheless, show only extremely vague notions of chiaroscuro. In the art of copying they are, albeit, very skilled. In the same way that that tailor of Macao who is mentioned by many travellers - for having reproduced even the botches of the trousers he was copying - Chinese painters will carefully reproduce the very imperfections of the canvas.

The speciality of portrait is very old in China and it is not liable to such criticism, mainly after those who practice it had the chance to observe and imitate the methods of the European painters who travelled in that Empire. Among them, the English portrait and landscape painter Chinnery deserves to be mentioned. He settled in Macao at the beginning of this century and founded a 'School' from where a few true Chinese artists came."57

Translated from the Portuguese by: Rui Cascais

** A French possession since 1642. Presently called Réunion, was named Île de Bourbon until 1804, when it was temporarily occupied by the British.

NOTES

1 LISBOA, Henrique C. R., A China e os chins: recordações de viagem, Montevideo, Typographia a Vapor de A. Godel-Cerrito, 1888,, pp.66-67.

2 The author was probably the first researcher to systematically study the relations between Macao and Brazil. From his work resulted several publications in Portugal, in Macao and in Brazil. Several of those also deal with relations between Macao and Japan. Those works, undertaken while he was part of the Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Portugueses (Brazilian Centre of Portuguese Studies) in the Universidade de Brasília (University of Brasília) under the direction of the illustrious Prof. Agostinho da Silva, were not continued due to the extinction of that Centre. In the Bibliography of this research we list the most important publications of this phase of the studies. We think it is of great opportunity to resume this research.

3 MOURA, Carlos Francisco, Relacões entre Portugal e o Brazil no inicio do século XIX segundo as "Memórias para servir à história do Brasil" do Padre Perereca, in "Boletim do Instituto Luís de Camões", Macau, 7 (3) Outono [Autumn] 1973, pp.261-270.

4 SANTOS, Luís Gonçalves dos, Memórias para servir à história do reino do Brasil, Lisboa, 1825, vol. 1, p.350.

5 Idem., pp.331-332.

6 Idem., pp.351-352.

7 Idem., vol.2, p.619.

8 Idem., p.651.

9 Idem., pp. 651-652.

10 RIO BRANCO, Barão do [Baron of], Efemérides brasileiras, Rio de Janeiro, Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Imprensa Nacional, 1946, p. 138.

11 SANTOS, Luís Gonçalves dos, op. cit., vol. 1, pp.300-302.

12 Idem., p.303

13 ABREU, Luís de, Botanica, in "O Patriota", Rio de Janeiro, (3) 4 Mar. 1813, pp.16-18.

14 Ibidem.

15 MOURA, Carlos Francisco, Colonos chineses no Brasil no reinado de D. João VI, in "Boletim do Instituto Luís de Camões", Macau, 7 (2) Verão [Summer] 1973, pp.185-191.

16 SPIX, Johann von - MARTIUS, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, LAHMEYER, Lúcia Furquim, trans., Viagem pelo Brasil: 1817-1818, 2 vols., São Paulo, Melhoramentos, 1973, voll, p.75 -Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

17 Ibidem.

18 RUGENDAS, Johan Moritz, MILLIET, Sérgio, trans., Viagem pitoresca através do Brasil, São Paulo, Livraria Martins, 1940, p. 153 - Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

19 Idem., p.156.

20 SEIDLER, Carl, KLINGER, Bertoldo, trans., Dez anos de Brasil, Sao Paulo, Martins, 1825, p.57 -Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

21 Ibidem.

22 GRAHAM, Mary, Diário de uma viagem ao Brasil, Belo Horizonte, Itatiaia - Universidade de São Paulo, 1956, pp.179-180 - Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

23 MOURA, Carlos Francisco, 7 (2) Verão [Summer] 1973.

24 ANRJ: Registro de estrangeiros: 1808-1839, caixa [box] 507, doc.57 -Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 3 de Setembro 1814.

25 Idem., doc. 19, Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 24 de Dezembro 1814, p.81.

Coffee was already cultivated in the farm of Santa Cruz, at least since the end of the eighteenth century, as mentioned in a document dated 12th of March 1795.

26 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc. 1 - Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 7 de Janeiro 1815.

27 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc.1 -Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 31 de Janeiro 1816.

28 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc.1 -Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 31 de Marco 1816.

29 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc.28 - Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 30 de Abril 1816. doc. 28.

30 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc.58-Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 28 de Fevereiro 1819.

31 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc. 14 - Receita corrente da Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, de 1° de Maio a 31 de Dezembro de 1821.

32 Idem., caixa [box] 507, doc.15 -Real Fazenda de Santa Cruz, Ministério do Reino, 6 de Outubro 1816, p.86.

33 SPIX, Johann von-MARTIUS, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, op. cit., p.96.

34 Ibidem.

35 SPIX, Johann von-MARTIUS, Karl Friedrich Philipp von, op. cit., p.97.

36 POHL, Johan Emanuel, AMADO, Eugênio-AMADO, Milton, trans., Viagem ao interior do Brasil, São Paulo, Itatiaia-Universidade de São Paulo, 1976, p.55 - Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

37 Idem., pp.55-56.

38 GRAHAM, Mary, op. cit., p. 324.

39 MOURA, Carlos Francisco, Os Chineses do Rio de Janeiro requerem a Dom Joao VI um cônsul e interprete, in "Boletim do Instituto Luís de Camões", Macau, 9 (3-4) Outono-Inverno [Autumn-Winter] 1975, p.75.

40 ANRJ: Cod.370, I fol. 178vo.

The ANRJ: Registro de estrangeiros: 1960, where the information contained in that Codex is published, and which erroneously gives September as the date of arrival: "4 Chinese came from Caravelas on the 10.09.1814, Cod.370, I fol.178vo". The Codex registers August.

41 WIED-NEUWIED, Maximilian, Príncipe de [Prince of], MENDONÇA, Edgard Sussekind de, trans., Viagem ao Brasil: 1815-1817, São Paulo, Companhia Editora Nacional, 1958, p.182-Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

42 WIED-NEUWIED, Maximiliano, Príncipe de [Prince of], PINTO, Olivério Mário de Oliveira, trans., Acréscimos, correcções e notas à descrição de Minha viagem pelo leste do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Companhia Nacional de Publicações, 1969, p. 280 - Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

43 RÖDER, Josef - BALDUS, Herbert, Maximiliano, Principe de Wied: Viagem ao Brasil, 1815-1817: excertos e ilustrações, São Paulo, Melhoramentos, p.35 - Translator's Note: all passages from this work were translated from the mentioned Brazilian version.

44 MOURA, 9 (3-4) Outono-Inverno [Autumn-Winter] 1975, pp.75-82.

45 LEITE, Joaquim José, Discurso sobre as palavras novas, in "O Patriota", Rio de Janeiro, (5-6) Maio-Junho [May-June] 1814.

46 LEITE, Joaquim José, Gramática filosófica, "O Patriota", Rio de Janeiro, (5) Sept.-Oct. 1813.

47 LEITE, Joaquim José, Lusitana ou luso-latina, isto é, gramática portuguesa e latina, a que acede mitologia e versificação portuguesa, Lisboa, Typographia de José Baptista Morando, 1833.

48 BLAKE, Augusto Victorino Alves Sacramento, Diccionario bibliographico brasileiro, vol.4, p. 13.

49 INOCÊNCIO, Francisco da Silva, Diccionario bibliographico portuguez, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, vol. 12, pp.240-241.

50 BNRJ: Colecção Matias, 1-28, 28-FREITAS, José Aquino de Guimarães e, Memoria sobre Mácao.

51 FREITAS, José de Aquino Guimarães e, Memoria sobre Mácao, Coimbra, Real Imprensa da Universidade, 1828.

52 FREITAS, José Aquino Guimarães e, Elogio do Sr. Miguel de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, Lisboa, António Rodrigues Galhardo, 1826.

See: INOCÊNCIO, Francisco da Silva, op. cit, vol. 12, pp.240-242.

53 LISBOA, Henrique C. R., op. cit.

54 Idem., pp.108-112.

55 Idem., pp.118-120.

56 Idem., pp.120-121.

57 Idem., p.165.

* Architect. Former Assistant Lecturer working with Prof. Agostinho da Silva at the Centro Brasileiro de Estudos Portugueses (Brazilian Centre of Portuguese Studies), Universidade de Brasília (University of Brasília), Brasília. Member of the Academia Portuguesa de História (Portuguese Academy of History) and the Academia da Marinha (Naval Academy). Historian and researcher on the Portuguese Expansion in the Orient.